3,568 records

Every notable AI model ever trained

Name: AI Models Database — Training Compute, Parameters & Hardware
Creator: Epoch AI
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Training compute, parameters, dataset size, hardware and accessibility for the machine learning systems that define the field, from the 1950s to today.

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400 shown · this table holds the top 400 of 3,568 records, ranked by training compute


Grok 4	xAI	Jul 9, 2025	5 x 10^26 FLOP	3T	API access
GPT-4.5	OpenAI	Feb 27, 2025	3.8 x 10^26 FLOP	—	API access
Grok 3	xAI	Feb 17, 2025	3.5 x 10^26 FLOP	3T	API access
GPT-5	OpenAI	Aug 7, 2025	6.6 x 10^25 FLOP	—	API access
Llama 4 Behemoth (preview)	Meta AI	Apr 5, 2025	5.2 x 10^25 FLOP	2T	Unreleased
Gemini 1.0 Ultra	Google DeepMind	Dec 6, 2023	5 x 10^25 FLOP	—	API access
Llama Nemotron Ultra 253B	NVIDIA	Mar 18, 2025	3.9 x 10^25 FLOP	253B	Open weights (restricted use)
Composer 2.5	Cursor	May 18, 2026	3.9 x 10^25 FLOP	1T	—
Llama 3.1-405B	Meta AI	Jul 23, 2024	3.8 x 10^25 FLOP	405B	Open weights (restricted use)
Claude 3.7 Sonnet	Anthropic	Feb 24, 2025	3.4 x 10^25 FLOP	—	API access
Grok-2	xAI	Aug 13, 2024	3 x 10^25 FLOP	—	API access
Claude 3.5 Sonnet	Anthropic	Jun 20, 2024	2.7 x 10^25 FLOP	—	API access
Doubao-pro	ByteDance	Oct 28, 2024	2.5 x 10^25 FLOP	500B	API access
Composer 2	Cursor	Mar 19, 2026	2.3 x 10^25 FLOP	1T	API access
GPT-4 (Jun 2023)	OpenAI	Jun 13, 2023	2.1 x 10^25 FLOP	1.8T	API access
GPT-4 (Mar 2023)	OpenAI	Mar 15, 2023	2.1 x 10^25 FLOP	1.8T	API access
Kimi K3	Moonshot	Jul 16, 2026	2 x 10^25 FLOP	2.8T	Open weights (non-commercial)
Nemotron-4 340B	NVIDIA	Jun 14, 2024	1.8 x 10^25 FLOP	340B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Qwen3-Max	Alibaba	Sep 5, 2025	1.5 x 10^25 FLOP	1T	API access
Pangu Ultra	Huawei	Apr 10, 2025	1.1 x 10^25 FLOP	135B	Hosted access (no API)
Aramco Metabrain AI	Saudi Aramco	Mar 4, 2024	10^25 FLOP	250B	Unreleased
Inflection-2	Inflection AI	Nov 22, 2023	10^25 FLOP	—	Hosted access (no API)
Emu3.5	Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence / BAAI	Oct 30, 2025	9.9 x 10^24 FLOP	34.1B	Open weights (unrestricted)
DeepSeek-V4-Pro	DeepSeek	Apr 24, 2026	9.7 x 10^24 FLOP	1.6T	Open weights (unrestricted)
Qwen2.5-VL-72B	Alibaba	Feb 19, 2025	9.6 x 10^24 FLOP	72B	Open weights (restricted use)
Grok-1.5	xAI	Mar 28, 2024	9.3 x 10^24 FLOP	—	Hosted access (no API)
Reka Core	Reka AI	Apr 15, 2024	8.4 x 10^24 FLOP	67B	API access
SEA-LION V3 Llama3.1 70B	AI Singapore	Dec 19, 2024	8 x 10^24 FLOP	70B	Open weights (restricted use)
Inflection-2.5	Inflection AI	Mar 7, 2024	8 x 10^24 FLOP	—	Hosted access (no API)
Llama 3.1-70B	Meta AI	Jul 23, 2024	7.9 x 10^24 FLOP	70B	Open weights (restricted use)
Llama-3.1-Nemotron-70B-Instruct	NVIDIA, Meta AI	Jun 12, 2024	7.9 x 10^24 FLOP	—	Open weights (restricted use)
Llama 3-70B	Meta AI	Apr 18, 2024	7.9 x 10^24 FLOP	70B	Open weights (restricted use)
Qwen2.5 Instruct (72B)	Alibaba	Sep 19, 2024	7.9 x 10^24 FLOP	72.7B	Open weights (restricted use)
Qwen2.5-72B	Alibaba	Sep 19, 2024	7.8 x 10^24 FLOP	72.7B	Open weights (unrestricted)
AMIE (Articulate Medical Intelligence Explorer)	Google DeepMind, Google Research	Apr 9, 2025	7.3 x 10^24 FLOP	340B	Unreleased
PaLM 2	Google	May 10, 2023	7.3 x 10^24 FLOP	340B	API access
Qwen3-32B	Alibaba	Apr 29, 2025	7.1 x 10^24 FLOP	32.8B	Open weights (unrestricted)
MAI-Thinking-1	Microsoft	Jun 2, 2026	7 x 10^24 FLOP	962B	API access
Telechat2-115B	China Telecom	Sep 20, 2024	6.9 x 10^24 FLOP	115B	Open weights (restricted use)
Llama 3.3 70B	Meta AI	Dec 6, 2024	6.9 x 10^24 FLOP	70B	Open weights (restricted use)
GLM-5	Z.ai (Zhipu AI)	Feb 17, 2026	6.8 x 10^24 FLOP	744B	Open weights (unrestricted)
MiMo-V2.5-Pro	Xiaomi Corp	Apr 23, 2026	6.8 x 10^24 FLOP	1T	Open weights (unrestricted)
Apertus 70B	ETH Zurich, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss National Supercomputing Centre (CSCS), Swisscom	Sep 2, 2025	6.7 x 10^24 FLOP	70B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Nemotron-H 56B	NVIDIA	Apr 14, 2025	6.7 x 10^24 FLOP	56B	Open weights (non-commercial)
Nemotron 3 Ultra	NVIDIA	Jun 4, 2026	6.6 x 10^24 FLOP	550B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Amazon Nova Pro	Amazon	Dec 3, 2024	6 x 10^24 FLOP	—	API access
Ling-1T	Ant Group	Oct 10, 2025	6 x 10^24 FLOP	1T	Open weights (unrestricted)
Kimi K2.5	Moonshot	Feb 2, 2026	5.8 x 10^24 FLOP	1T	Open weights (unrestricted)
Hunyuan-TurboS	Tencent	Mar 11, 2025	5.4 x 10^24 FLOP	560B	API access
gpt-oss-120b	OpenAI	Aug 5, 2025	4.9 x 10^24 FLOP	116.8B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Amazon Titan	Amazon	Sep 28, 2023	4.8 x 10^24 FLOP	200B	API access
Qwen3-235B-A22B (Jul 2025)	Alibaba	Jul 25, 2025	4.8 x 10^24 FLOP	235B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Qwen3-235B-A22B-Thinking (Jul 2025)	Alibaba	Jul 25, 2025	4.8 x 10^24 FLOP	235B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Qwen3-235B-A22B	Alibaba	Apr 29, 2025	4.8 x 10^24 FLOP	235B	Open weights (unrestricted)
GLM-4.7	Z.ai (Zhipu AI)	Dec 22, 2025	4.4 x 10^24 FLOP	358B	Open weights (unrestricted)
GLM-4.6	Z.ai (Zhipu AI), Tsinghua University	Sep 30, 2025	4.4 x 10^24 FLOP	357B	Open weights (unrestricted)
GLM-4.5	Z.ai (Zhipu AI), Tsinghua University	Aug 5, 2025	4.4 x 10^24 FLOP	355B	Open weights (unrestricted)
MiniMax-M1-80k	MiniMax	Jun 13, 2025	4.3 x 10^24 FLOP	456B	Open weights (unrestricted)
MiMo-V2.5	Xiaomi Corp	Apr 23, 2026	4.3 x 10^24 FLOP	310B	Open weights (unrestricted)
AFM-server	Apple	Jul 29, 2024	4.3 x 10^24 FLOP	—	Hosted access (no API)
DeepSeek-V3.2	DeepSeek	Dec 1, 2025	4.2 x 10^24 FLOP	—	Open weights (unrestricted)
Kimi K2 Thinking	Moonshot	Nov 6, 2025	4.2 x 10^24 FLOP	1T	Open weights (restricted use)
MiniMax-M1-40k	MiniMax	Jun 13, 2025	4.2 x 10^24 FLOP	456B	Open weights (unrestricted)
DeepSeek-V3.2-Exp	DeepSeek	Sep 29, 2025	4.2 x 10^24 FLOP	671B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Step-Video-T2V	StepFun	Feb 24, 2025	4.1 x 10^24 FLOP	30B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Llama 4 Scout	Meta AI	Apr 5, 2025	4.1 x 10^24 FLOP	109B	Open weights (restricted use)
DeepSeek-R1 (May 2025)	DeepSeek	May 28, 2025	4 x 10^24 FLOP	671B	Open weights (unrestricted)
MegaScale (Production)	ByteDance, Peking University	Feb 23, 2024	3.9 x 10^24 FLOP	530B	Unreleased
SenseChat	SenseTime	Apr 10, 2023	3.9 x 10^24 FLOP	180B	API access
Claude 2	Anthropic	Jul 11, 2023	3.9 x 10^24 FLOP	—	API access
EXAONE 4.5	LG AI Research	Apr 9, 2026	3.9 x 10^24 FLOP	33.2B	Open weights (restricted use)
Falcon-180B	Technology Innovation Institute	Sep 6, 2023	3.8 x 10^24 FLOP	180B	Open weights (restricted use)
LongCat-Flash	Meituan Inc	Sep 1, 2025	3.7 x 10^24 FLOP	560B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Falcon-H1	Technology Innovation Institute	May 21, 2025	3.7 x 10^24 FLOP	34B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Cosmos-Transfer1-7B	NVIDIA	Mar 18, 2025	3.6 x 10^24 FLOP	7B	Open weights (restricted use)
DeepSeek-V3.1-Terminus	DeepSeek	Sep 22, 2025	3.6 x 10^24 FLOP	671B	Open weights (unrestricted)
DeepSeek-V3.1	DeepSeek	Aug 21, 2025	3.6 x 10^24 FLOP	671B	Open weights (unrestricted)
QwQ-32B	Alibaba	Mar 6, 2025	3.5 x 10^24 FLOP	32.5B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Qwen2.5-32B	Alibaba	Sep 17, 2024	3.5 x 10^24 FLOP	32.5B	Open weights (unrestricted)
DeepSeek-R1	DeepSeek	Jan 20, 2025	3.5 x 10^24 FLOP	671B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Hunyuan-Large	Tencent	Nov 6, 2024	3.5 x 10^24 FLOP	389B	Open weights (restricted use)
DeepSeek-V3 (Mar 2025)	DeepSeek	Mar 24, 2025	3.3 x 10^24 FLOP	671B	Open weights (restricted use)
DeepSeek-V3	DeepSeek	Dec 24, 2024	3.3 x 10^24 FLOP	671B	Open weights (restricted use)
Qwen3-14B	Alibaba	Apr 29, 2025	3.2 x 10^24 FLOP	14.8B	Open weights (unrestricted)
MiniMax-Text-01	MiniMax	Jan 14, 2025	3.1 x 10^24 FLOP	456B	Open weights (restricted use)
Pangu Ultra MoE	Huawei	May 7, 2025	3.1 x 10^24 FLOP	718B	Hosted access (no API)
NVLM-X 72B	NVIDIA	Oct 22, 2024	3 x 10^24 FLOP	72B	Unreleased
LLaVA-OV-72B	ByteDance, Nanyang Technological University, Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST)	Aug 6, 2024	3 x 10^24 FLOP	72B	Open weights (unrestricted)
NVLM-D 72B	NVIDIA	Oct 22, 2024	3 x 10^24 FLOP	72B	Open weights (non-commercial)
NVLM-H 72B	NVIDIA	Oct 22, 2024	3 x 10^24 FLOP	72B	Unreleased
Qwen2-72B	Alibaba	Jun 7, 2024	3 x 10^24 FLOP	72.7B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Kimi K2	Moonshot	Jul 11, 2025	3 x 10^24 FLOP	1T	Open weights (restricted use)
Grok-1	xAI	Nov 4, 2023	2.9 x 10^24 FLOP	314B	Open weights (unrestricted)
GLM-4-32B-0414	Z.ai (Zhipu AI), Tsinghua University	Apr 14, 2025	2.9 x 10^24 FLOP	32B	Open weights (unrestricted)
GLM-Z1-Rumination-32B-0414	Tsinghua University	Apr 14, 2025	2.9 x 10^24 FLOP	32B	Open weights (unrestricted)
ERNIE-4.5-300B-A47B	Baidu	Jun 29, 2025	2.8 x 10^24 FLOP	300B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Cosmos-Predict1-14b-Video2World	NVIDIA	Jan 7, 2025	2.8 x 10^24 FLOP	14B	Open weights (restricted use)
Cosmos-1.0- Diffusion-14B Video2World	NVIDIA	Jan 7, 2025	2.8 x 10^24 FLOP	14B	Open weights (restricted use)
Minerva (540B)	Google	Jun 29, 2022	2.7 x 10^24 FLOP	540.4B	Unreleased
EXAONE 4.0 (32B)	LG AI Research	Jul 15, 2025	2.7 x 10^24 FLOP	32B	Open weights (non-commercial)
DBRX	Databricks	Mar 27, 2024	2.6 x 10^24 FLOP	132B	Open weights (restricted use)
Seed-OSS-36B-Base	ByteDance	Aug 21, 2025	2.6 x 10^24 FLOP	—	Open weights (unrestricted)
GPT-3.5 (davinci-002)	OpenAI	Mar 15, 2022	2.6 x 10^24 FLOP	—	API access
Step-Omni	StepFun	Feb 18, 2025	2.5 x 10^24 FLOP	130B	Unreleased
Flan-PaLM 540B	Google	Oct 20, 2022	2.5 x 10^24 FLOP	540B	Unreleased
U-PaLM (540B)	Google	Oct 20, 2022	2.5 x 10^24 FLOP	540B	Unreleased
PaLM (540B)	Google Research	Apr 4, 2022	2.5 x 10^24 FLOP	540.4B	Unreleased
DeepSeek-V4-Flash	DeepSeek	Apr 24, 2026	2.5 x 10^24 FLOP	284B	Open weights (unrestricted)
MiMo-V2-Flash	Xiaomi Corp	Dec 16, 2025	2.4 x 10^24 FLOP	309B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Gemma-SEA-LION-v4-27B-IT	AI Singapore	Aug 20, 2025	2.3 x 10^24 FLOP	27B	Open weights (restricted use)
Mixtral 8x22B	Mistral AI	Apr 17, 2024	2.3 x 10^24 FLOP	141B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Gemma 3 27B	Google DeepMind	Mar 12, 2025	2.3 x 10^24 FLOP	27B	Open weights (restricted use)
Evo 2 40B	Arc Institute, Stanford University, NVIDIA, Liquid, University of California (UC) Berkeley, Goodfire, Columbia University, University of California San Francisco	Feb 19, 2025	2.3 x 10^24 FLOP	40.3B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Llama 4 Maverick	Meta AI	Apr 5, 2025	2.2 x 10^24 FLOP	400B	Open weights (restricted use)
MiniMax-VL-01	MiniMax	Jan 14, 2025	2.1 x 10^24 FLOP	—	Open weights (restricted use)
TxGemma 27B	Google DeepMind, Google Research	Apr 8, 2025	2.1 x 10^24 FLOP	27B	Open weights (restricted use)
Gemma 2 27B	Google DeepMind	Jun 24, 2024	2.1 x 10^24 FLOP	27B	Open weights (restricted use)
FLAN 137B	Google Research	Sep 3, 2021	2 x 10^24 FLOP	137B	Unreleased
Step-Audio-Chat 130B	StepFun	Feb 18, 2025	1.9 x 10^24 FLOP	130B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Inkling	Thinking Machines	Jul 15, 2026	1.8 x 10^24 FLOP	975B	Open weights (unrestricted)
GLM-4.5V	Z.ai (Zhipu AI), Tsinghua University	Aug 15, 2025	1.8 x 10^24 FLOP	108B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Yi-Large	01.AI	May 13, 2024	1.8 x 10^24 FLOP	100B	API access
DeepSeek-V2.5	DeepSeek	Sep 6, 2024	1.8 x 10^24 FLOP	236B	Open weights (restricted use)
Qwen3-8B	Alibaba	Apr 29, 2025	1.8 x 10^24 FLOP	8.2B	Open weights (unrestricted)
EXAONE 1.0	LG	Dec 14, 2021	1.7 x 10^24 FLOP	300B	Unreleased
GLM-4.5-Air	Z.ai (Zhipu AI), Tsinghua University	Aug 5, 2025	1.7 x 10^24 FLOP	106B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Movie Gen Video	Meta AI	Oct 4, 2024	1.6 x 10^24 FLOP	30B	Unreleased
Chameleon-34B	Facebook AI Research	May 16, 2024	1.6 x 10^24 FLOP	34B	Open weights (non-commercial)
Qwen2.5-14B	Alibaba	Sep 19, 2024	1.6 x 10^24 FLOP	14.7B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Qwen3-Coder-480B-A35B	Alibaba	Jul 22, 2025	1.6 x 10^24 FLOP	480B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Ling-Plus ("Bailing")	Ant Group	Mar 10, 2025	1.6 x 10^24 FLOP	290B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Wu Dao 2.0	Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence / BAAI	May 31, 2021	1.5 x 10^24 FLOP	1.8T	API access
NVIDIA-Nemotron-Nano-9B-v2	NVIDIA	Aug 18, 2025	1.5 x 10^24 FLOP	9B	Open weights (restricted use)
K-EXAONE	LG AI Research	Dec 31, 2025	1.5 x 10^24 FLOP	236B	API access
NVIDIA-Nemotron-Nano-12B-v2	NVIDIA	Aug 18, 2025	1.5 x 10^24 FLOP	12B	Open weights (restricted use)
Yi-Lightning	01.AI	Oct 18, 2024	1.5 x 10^24 FLOP	—	API access
Solar Open 100B	Upstage	Dec 31, 2025	1.4 x 10^24 FLOP	102B	API access
Cosmos-Predict1-7b-Video2World	NVIDIA	Jan 7, 2025	1.4 x 10^24 FLOP	7B	Open weights (restricted use)
Seed1.5-VL	ByteDance	May 11, 2025	1.4 x 10^24 FLOP	—	API access
Arcee Trinity Large	Prime Intellect, Arcee AI	Feb 19, 2026	1.3 x 10^24 FLOP	398B	Open weights (restricted use)
OLMo 2 32B	Allen Institute for AI	Mar 13, 2025	1.3 x 10^24 FLOP	32B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Qwen1.5-72B	Alibaba	Feb 4, 2024	1.3 x 10^24 FLOP	72B	Open weights (restricted use)
Qwen-72B	Alibaba	Nov 30, 2023	1.3 x 10^24 FLOP	72B	Open weights (restricted use)
Pangu Pro MoE	Huawei	May 28, 2025	1.3 x 10^24 FLOP	72B	Open weights (unrestricted)
DeepSeek-Coder-V2 236B	DeepSeek	Jun 17, 2024	1.3 x 10^24 FLOP	236B	Open weights (restricted use)
EXAONE 3.5-R 32B	LG AI Research	Mar 14, 2025	1.3 x 10^24 FLOP	32B	Unreleased
EXAONE Deep 32B	LG AI Research	Mar 16, 2025	1.3 x 10^24 FLOP	32B	Open weights (non-commercial)
Code Llama-70B	Meta AI	Jan 29, 2024	1.3 x 10^24 FLOP	70B	Open weights (restricted use)
EXAONE 3.5 32B	LG AI Research	Dec 9, 2024	1.3 x 10^24 FLOP	32B	Open weights (non-commercial)
XVERSE-65B-2	XVERSE Technology, Shenzhen Yuanxiang Technology	Dec 8, 2023	1.2 x 10^24 FLOP	65B	Open weights (restricted use)
SEA-LION V3 Llama3.1 8B	AI Singapore	Dec 19, 2024	1.2 x 10^24 FLOP	8B	Open weights (restricted use)
Foundation-sec-8b	Cisco	Apr 28, 2025	1.2 x 10^24 FLOP	8B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Llama 3.1-8B	Meta AI	Jul 23, 2024	1.2 x 10^24 FLOP	8B	Open weights (restricted use)
dots.llm1	Rednote	Jul 6, 2025	1.2 x 10^24 FLOP	142B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Granite-4.0-H-Small	IBM	Oct 2, 2025	1.2 x 10^24 FLOP	32B	Open weights (unrestricted)
PLaMo-100B	Preferred Networks Inc	Jun 14, 2024	1.2 x 10^24 FLOP	100B	API access
Mi:dm 200B	KT	Oct 31, 2023	1.2 x 10^24 FLOP	200B	API access
Hunyuan	Tencent	Sep 7, 2023	1.2 x 10^24 FLOP	100B	API access
Luca 2.0	Mianbi Intelligence	Aug 29, 2023	1.2 x 10^24 FLOP	100B	Hosted access (no API)
Mistral Small 3	Mistral AI	Jan 30, 2025	1.2 x 10^24 FLOP	24B	Open weights (unrestricted)
MiMo-VL-7B-SFT	Xiaomi Corp	Jun 4, 2025	1.2 x 10^24 FLOP	7B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Olmo 3	Allen Institute for AI	Nov 20, 2025	1.1 x 10^24 FLOP	32B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Qwen2.5-Coder (32B)	Alibaba	Nov 12, 2024	1.1 x 10^24 FLOP	32.5B	Open weights (unrestricted)
ESM3 (98B)	EvolutionaryScale, University of California (UC) Berkeley	Jun 25, 2024	1.1 x 10^24 FLOP	98.5B	Unreleased
ALLaM adapted 70B	Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority	May 21, 2024	1.1 x 10^24 FLOP	70B	Unreleased
ALLaM 34B	Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority	May 21, 2024	1.1 x 10^24 FLOP	34B	Unreleased
Solar Open2 250B	Upstage	Jun 28, 2026	1.1 x 10^24 FLOP	250.3B	Open weights (unrestricted)
MiMo-7B-Base	Xiaomi Corp	Jun 5, 2025	1.1 x 10^24 FLOP	7B	Open weights (unrestricted)
BlueLM 175B	vivo AI lab	Nov 2, 2023	1.1 x 10^24 FLOP	175B	Unreleased
ERNIE 3.0 Titan	Baidu, Peng Cheng Laboratory	Dec 23, 2021	10^24 FLOP	260B	Hosted access (no API)
DeepSeek-V2 (MoE-236B)	DeepSeek	May 7, 2024	10^24 FLOP	236B	Open weights (restricted use)
TigerBot-70B	Tigerobo	Sep 6, 2023	10^24 FLOP	70B	Open weights (restricted use)
Inflection-1	Inflection AI	Jun 23, 2023	10^24 FLOP	—	Hosted access (no API)
InternLM	Shanghai AI Lab, SenseTime	Jul 6, 2023	10 x 10^23 FLOP	104B	Unreleased
Qwen2.5-VL-7B	Alibaba	Feb 19, 2025	9.9 x 10^23 FLOP	7B	Open weights (unrestricted)
MegaScale (530B)	ByteDance, Peking University	Feb 23, 2024	9.7 x 10^23 FLOP	530B	Unreleased
Jais-70B	G42, Inception G42	Aug 5, 2024	9.7 x 10^23 FLOP	70B	Open weights (restricted use)
Phi-4-Reasoning	Microsoft	Apr 30, 2025	9.3 x 10^23 FLOP	14B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Phi-4	Microsoft Research	Dec 12, 2024	9.3 x 10^23 FLOP	14B	Open weights (unrestricted)
GLM-4.1V-Thinking	Z.ai (Zhipu AI), Tsinghua University	Aug 15, 2025	9.2 x 10^23 FLOP	9B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Seaweed-7B	ByteDance	Apr 11, 2025	9 x 10^23 FLOP	7B	Unreleased
Lapa LLM	Ukrainian Catholic University, Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, AGH University of Krakow, Lviv Polytechnic	Oct 25, 2025	8.6 x 10^23 FLOP	12B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Qwen3-4B	Alibaba	Apr 29, 2025	8.6 x 10^23 FLOP	4B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Gemma 3 12B	Google DeepMind	Mar 12, 2025	8.6 x 10^23 FLOP	12B	Open weights (restricted use)
Qwen2.5-Math-7B-Base	Alibaba	Sep 19, 2024	8.6 x 10^23 FLOP	7B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Megatron-Turing NLG 530B	Microsoft, NVIDIA	Oct 11, 2021	8.6 x 10^23 FLOP	530B	Unreleased
Baichuan2-53B	Baichuan	Aug 9, 2023	8.3 x 10^23 FLOP	53B	Unreleased
Qwen2.5-7B	Alibaba	Sep 19, 2024	8.2 x 10^23 FLOP	7.6B	Open weights (unrestricted)
SambaLingo-Thai-Chat-70B	SambaNova Systems, Inc	Apr 8, 2024	8.1 x 10^23 FLOP	70B	Open weights (restricted use)
GLM-4-9B-0414	Tsinghua University	Apr 14, 2025	8.1 x 10^23 FLOP	9B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Llama 2-70B	Meta AI	Jul 18, 2023	8.1 x 10^23 FLOP	70B	Open weights (restricted use)
DeepSeek LLM 67B	DeepSeek	Jan 5, 2024	8 x 10^23 FLOP	67B	Open weights (restricted use)
BlueLM 130B	vivo AI lab	Nov 2, 2023	7.8 x 10^23 FLOP	130B	Unreleased
Mixtral 8x7B	Mistral AI	Dec 11, 2023	7.7 x 10^23 FLOP	46.7B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Ring-flash-linear-2.0	Ant Group	Oct 23, 2025	7.7 x 10^23 FLOP	104.2B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Nemotron-4 15B	NVIDIA	Feb 27, 2024	7.5 x 10^23 FLOP	15B	Unreleased
YandexGPT 5 Lite	Yandex	Feb 25, 2025	7.4 x 10^23 FLOP	8B	Open weights (restricted use)
Yi-1.5-34B	01.AI	May 13, 2024	7.3 x 10^23 FLOP	34B	Open weights (restricted use)
Ling-flash-base-2.0-20T	Ant Group	Sep 10, 2025	7.3 x 10^23 FLOP	100B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Llama SEA-LION V2 8B	AI Singapore	Jul 30, 2024	7.2 x 10^23 FLOP	8B	Open weights (restricted use)
ProtChatGPT	University of Technology Sydney, Zhejiang University (ZJU)	Feb 15, 2024	7.2 x 10^23 FLOP	8B	Unreleased
P-LLama3	University of Siena	Aug 12, 2024	7.2 x 10^23 FLOP	8B	Open weights (restricted use)
Nemotron-H 8B	NVIDIA	Apr 14, 2025	7.2 x 10^23 FLOP	8B	Open weights (non-commercial)
Llama 3-8B	Meta AI	Apr 18, 2024	7.2 x 10^23 FLOP	8B	Open weights (restricted use)
AgentFounder-30B	Alibaba	Sep 16, 2025	6.5 x 10^23 FLOP	30B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Qwen3-30B-A3B	Alibaba	Apr 29, 2025	6.5 x 10^23 FLOP	30B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Gopher (280B)	DeepMind	Dec 8, 2021	6.3 x 10^23 FLOP	280B	Unreleased
Reka Flash	Reka AI	Apr 15, 2024	6.3 x 10^23 FLOP	21B	API access
Step-1	StepFun	Feb 18, 2025	6.2 x 10^23 FLOP	130B	Unreleased
xTrimoPGLM -100B	Tsinghua University, BioMap Research	Jul 6, 2023	6.2 x 10^23 FLOP	100B	Unreleased
Marin 8B	Marin	May 19, 2025	6.1 x 10^23 FLOP	8B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Yi-34B	01.AI	Nov 2, 2023	6.1 x 10^23 FLOP	34B	Open weights (restricted use)
Qwen2-VL-72B	Alibaba	Sep 18, 2024	6 x 10^23 FLOP	72B	Open weights (restricted use)
Falcon3-7B	Technology Innovation Institute	Dec 17, 2024	5.9 x 10^23 FLOP	7B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Granite 3.1 8B	IBM	Dec 18, 2024	5.8 x 10^23 FLOP	8.1B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Granite 3.0 8B	IBM	Oct 21, 2024	5.8 x 10^23 FLOP	8.1B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Llama 3.2 11B	Meta AI	Sep 24, 2024	5.8 x 10^23 FLOP	10.6B	Open weights (restricted use)
Chinchilla	DeepMind	Mar 29, 2022	5.8 x 10^23 FLOP	70B	Unreleased
PaLI-X	Google Research	May 29, 2023	5.6 x 10^23 FLOP	55B	Unreleased
BIG-G 137B	Google	Jun 9, 2022	5.6 x 10^23 FLOP	137B	Unreleased
LIMA	Meta AI, Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), University of Southern California, Tel Aviv University	May 18, 2023	5.5 x 10^23 FLOP	65B	Unreleased
Guanaco-65B	University of Washington	May 23, 2023	5.5 x 10^23 FLOP	65B	Open weights (non-commercial)
LLaMA-65B	Meta AI	Feb 24, 2023	5.5 x 10^23 FLOP	65.2B	Open weights (non-commercial)
gpt-oss-20b	OpenAI	Aug 5, 2025	5.5 x 10^23 FLOP	20.9B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Llemma 34B	Princeton University, University of Toronto, Vector Institute, University of Cambridge, Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), University of Washington, EleutherAI	Oct 16, 2023	5.4 x 10^23 FLOP	34B	Open weights (restricted use)
Code Llama-34B	Meta AI	Aug 14, 2023	5.3 x 10^23 FLOP	34B	Open weights (restricted use)
Gemma 3n	Google	May 20, 2025	5.2 x 10^23 FLOP	7.8B	Open weights (restricted use)
Parti	Google Research	Jun 22, 2022	5.1 x 10^23 FLOP	20B	Unreleased
MM1-30B	Apple	Mar 14, 2024	4.9 x 10^23 FLOP	30B	Unreleased
Nemotron 3-Nano-30B-A3B	NVIDIA	Dec 15, 2025	4.8 x 10^23 FLOP	31.6B	Open weights (restricted use)
YaYi 2.0	Yayi (Wenge)	Dec 22, 2023	4.8 x 10^23 FLOP	30B	Open weights (restricted use)
PanGu-Σ	Huawei Noah's Ark Lab	Mar 20, 2023	4.7 x 10^23 FLOP	1.1T	Unreleased
OLMo 2 Furious 13B	Allen Institute for AI, University of Washington, New York University (NYU)	Dec 31, 2024	4.6 x 10^23 FLOP	13B	Open weights (unrestricted)
AFM-on-device	Apple	Jul 29, 2024	4.5 x 10^23 FLOP	2.7B	Hosted access (no API)
SEA-LION V3 Gemma2 9B	AI Singapore	Dec 19, 2024	4.5 x 10^23 FLOP	9B	Open weights (restricted use)
Pharia-1-LLM-7B	Aleph Alpha	Aug 26, 2024	4.4 x 10^23 FLOP	7B	Open weights (non-commercial)
MamayLM	INSAIT, ETH Zurich	Apr 23, 2025	4.4 x 10^23 FLOP	9B	Open weights (unrestricted)
JIUTIAN-139MoE	China Mobile	Jun 15, 2024	4.4 x 10^23 FLOP	38.8B	Open weights (unrestricted)
TxGemma 9B	Google DeepMind, Google Research	Apr 8, 2025	4.4 x 10^23 FLOP	9B	Open weights (restricted use)
Gemma 2 9B	Google DeepMind	Jun 24, 2024	4.3 x 10^23 FLOP	9B	Open weights (restricted use)
OPT-IML (175B)	Meta AI	Dec 22, 2022	4.3 x 10^23 FLOP	175B	Open weights (non-commercial)
BlenderBot 3	McGill University, Meta AI, Mila - Quebec AI (originally Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms)	Aug 10, 2022	4.3 x 10^23 FLOP	175B	Open weights (non-commercial)
OPT-175B	Meta AI	May 2, 2022	4.3 x 10^23 FLOP	175B	Open weights (non-commercial)
EXAONE 3.5-R 7.8B	LG AI Research	Mar 14, 2025	4.3 x 10^23 FLOP	7.8B	Unreleased
360Zhinao2-7B	360 Security Technology	Nov 18, 2024	4.2 x 10^23 FLOP	7B	Open weights (unrestricted)
EXAONE Deep 7.8B	LG AI Research	Mar 16, 2025	4.2 x 10^23 FLOP	7.8B	Open weights (non-commercial)
EXAONE 3.5 7.8B	LG AI Research	Dec 9, 2024	4.2 x 10^23 FLOP	7.8B	Open weights (non-commercial)
Wan 2.2 14B T2V	Alibaba	Jul 28, 2025	4.2 x 10^23 FLOP	14B	Open weights (unrestricted)
BlueLM 70B	vivo AI lab	Nov 2, 2023	4.2 x 10^23 FLOP	70B	Unreleased
Llama 2-34B	Meta AI	Jul 18, 2023	4.1 x 10^23 FLOP	34B	Unreleased
Qwen2.5-VL-3B	Alibaba	Feb 19, 2025	4.1 x 10^23 FLOP	3B	Open weights (restricted use)
Nanbeige2-16B-Chat	Nanbeige LLM Lab	May 28, 2024	4 x 10^23 FLOP	15.8B	Open weights (restricted use)
phi-3-medium 14B	Microsoft	Apr 23, 2024	4 x 10^23 FLOP	14B	Open weights (unrestricted)
EXAONE 3.0	LG AI Research	Aug 7, 2024	4 x 10^23 FLOP	7.8B	Open weights (non-commercial)
DeepSeek Coder 33B	DeepSeek, Peking University	Jan 25, 2024	4 x 10^23 FLOP	33B	Open weights (restricted use)
Falcon Mamba	Technology Innovation Institute	Aug 12, 2024	3.9 x 10^23 FLOP	7B	Open weights (restricted use)
StarCoder 2 15B	Hugging Face, ServiceNow, NVIDIA, BigCode	Feb 29, 2024	3.9 x 10^23 FLOP	15B	Open weights (restricted use)
FunSearch	Google DeepMind	Dec 14, 2023	3.9 x 10^23 FLOP	15B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Multi-Token Prediction 7B	Facebook AI Research	Apr 30, 2024	3.8 x 10^23 FLOP	6.7B	Open weights (non-commercial)
Arctic	Snowflake	Apr 24, 2024	3.8 x 10^23 FLOP	480B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Qwen2-57B-A14B	Alibaba	Jun 7, 2024	3.8 x 10^23 FLOP	57B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Jurassic-1-Jumbo	AI21 Labs	Aug 11, 2021	3.7 x 10^23 FLOP	178B	API access
Qwen3-1.7B	Alibaba	Apr 29, 2025	3.7 x 10^23 FLOP	1.7B	Open weights (unrestricted)
BLOOM-176B	Hugging Face, BigScience	Jul 11, 2022	3.7 x 10^23 FLOP	176.2B	Open weights (restricted use)
GLaM	Google	Dec 13, 2021	3.6 x 10^23 FLOP	1.2T	Unreleased
Falcon 2 11B	Technology Innovation Institute	May 9, 2024	3.6 x 10^23 FLOP	11B	Open weights (restricted use)
LaMDA	Google	Feb 10, 2022	3.5 x 10^23 FLOP	137B	Unreleased
GLM-130B	Tsinghua University	Aug 4, 2022	3.5 x 10^23 FLOP	130B	Open weights (non-commercial)
Luminous-supreme	Aleph Alpha	Aug 15, 2022	3.5 x 10^23 FLOP	70B	API access
Yuan 1.0	Inspur	Oct 12, 2021	3.5 x 10^23 FLOP	245.7B	API access
OPT-13B	Meta AI	May 2, 2022	3.5 x 10^23 FLOP	13B	—
DALL·E 2	OpenAI	Apr 6, 2022	3.4 x 10^23 FLOP	3.5B	API access
Qwen1.5-14B	Alibaba	Feb 4, 2024	3.4 x 10^23 FLOP	14B	Open weights (unrestricted)
FragLlama: Next-fragment prediction for molecular design	Facebook AI Research	May 16, 2024	3.3 x 10^23 FLOP	7B	Open weights (non-commercial)
Qwen2.5-3B	Alibaba	Sep 19, 2024	3.3 x 10^23 FLOP	3.1B	Open weights (non-commercial)
Galactica	Meta AI	Nov 16, 2022	3.2 x 10^23 FLOP	120B	Open weights (non-commercial)
InstructGPT 175B	OpenAI	Jan 27, 2022	3.2 x 10^23 FLOP	175B	API access
Granite-4.0-H-Micro	IBM	Oct 2, 2025	3.1 x 10^23 FLOP	3B	Open weights (unrestricted)
GPT-3 175B (davinci)	OpenAI	May 28, 2020	3.1 x 10^23 FLOP	174.6B	API access
InternLM2-20B	Shanghai AI Lab, SenseTime, Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), Fudan University	Jan 12, 2024	3.1 x 10^23 FLOP	20B	Open weights (restricted use)
CodeFuse-13B	Ant Group	Oct 10, 2023	3.1 x 10^23 FLOP	13B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Gemma 1.1 7B Instruct	Google	Feb 24, 2024	3.1 x 10^23 FLOP	8.5B	Open weights (restricted use)
Gemma 7B	Google DeepMind	Feb 21, 2024	3.1 x 10^23 FLOP	8.5B	Open weights (restricted use)
Phi-3.5-MoE	Microsoft	Apr 23, 2024	3 x 10^23 FLOP	60.8B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Granite 20B	IBM Research	May 31, 2024	3 x 10^23 FLOP	20B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Tri-21B	Trillion Labs	Aug 1, 2025	2.9 x 10^23 FLOP	20.7B	Open weights (restricted use)
Qwen2-7B	Alibaba	Jun 7, 2024	2.9 x 10^23 FLOP	7B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Stable LM 2 12B	Stability AI	Apr 8, 2024	2.9 x 10^23 FLOP	12.1B	Open weights (restricted use)
ST-MoE	Google, Google Brain, Google Research	Feb 17, 2022	2.9 x 10^23 FLOP	269B	Unreleased
MegaScale (175B)	ByteDance, Peking University	Feb 23, 2024	2.7 x 10^23 FLOP	175B	Unreleased
LLaMA-33B	Meta AI	Feb 27, 2023	2.7 x 10^23 FLOP	32.5B	Open weights (non-commercial)
Qwen3-Next-80B-A3B	Alibaba	Sep 10, 2025	2.7 x 10^23 FLOP	80B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Whisper v3	OpenAI	Nov 6, 2023	2.7 x 10^23 FLOP	1.6B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Viking	Silo AI, University of Turku	Apr 4, 2024	2.6 x 10^23 FLOP	33B	Open weights (unrestricted)
nekomata-14b	rinna	Dec 21, 2023	2.6 x 10^23 FLOP	14.2B	Open weights (restricted use)
Qwen2.5-Coder (7B)	Alibaba	Sep 18, 2024	2.5 x 10^23 FLOP	7.6B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Wan 2.1 14B I2V	Alibaba	Feb 25, 2025	2.5 x 10^23 FLOP	14B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Skywork-13B	Kunlun Inc.	Oct 30, 2023	2.5 x 10^23 FLOP	13B	Open weights (restricted use)
Qwen-14B	Alibaba	Sep 28, 2023	2.5 x 10^23 FLOP	14B	Open weights (restricted use)
Granite 13B	IBM	Nov 30, 2023	2.4 x 10^23 FLOP	13B	API access
Nanbeige-16B	Nanbeige LLM Lab	Nov 1, 2023	2.4 x 10^23 FLOP	16B	Open weights (unrestricted)
LightOn Mini	LightOn	Mar 21, 2023	2.4 x 10^23 FLOP	40B	Hosted access (no API)
Falcon-40B	Technology Innovation Institute	Mar 15, 2023	2.4 x 10^23 FLOP	40B	Open weights (unrestricted)
AlphaCode	DeepMind	Feb 2, 2022	2.4 x 10^23 FLOP	41.1B	Unreleased
BloombergGPT	Bloomberg, Johns Hopkins University	Mar 30, 2023	2.4 x 10^23 FLOP	50.6B	Unreleased
YaLM	Yandex	Jun 23, 2022	2.2 x 10^23 FLOP	100B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Flamingo	DeepMind	Apr 29, 2022	2.2 x 10^23 FLOP	80B	Unreleased
Teuken 7B	OpenGPT-X, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing, Forschungszentrum Julich, Technische Universität Dresden	Aug 21, 2025	2.1 x 10^23 FLOP	7B	Open weights (non-commercial)
phi-3-small 7.4B	Microsoft	Apr 23, 2024	2.1 x 10^23 FLOP	7.4B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Poro 34B	High-Performance Language Technologies (HPLT), University of Turku	Dec 14, 2023	2.1 x 10^23 FLOP	34.2B	Open weights (unrestricted)
AlexaTM 20B	Amazon	Aug 2, 2022	2 x 10^23 FLOP	19.8B	API access
Baichuan2-13B	Baichuan	Sep 6, 2023	2 x 10^23 FLOP	13B	Open weights (restricted use)
HyperCLOVA 204B	NAVER	Sep 10, 2021	2 x 10^23 FLOP	204B	Hosted access (no API)
SAM 3	Meta AI	Nov 20, 2025	2 x 10^23 FLOP	850M	Open weights (restricted use)
ViT-22B	Google	Feb 10, 2023	1.9 x 10^23 FLOP	21.7B	Unreleased
Yi-1.5-9B	01.AI	May 13, 2024	1.9 x 10^23 FLOP	8.8B	Open weights (unrestricted)
MPT-30B	MosaicML	Jun 22, 2023	1.9 x 10^23 FLOP	30B	Open weights (unrestricted)
MAP-Neo	University of Waterloo, 01.AI, Wuhan University	Jul 10, 2024	1.9 x 10^23 FLOP	7B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Reka Edge	Reka AI	Apr 18, 2024	1.9 x 10^23 FLOP	7B	API access
Mamba2-Hybrid	NVIDIA	Jun 12, 2024	1.8 x 10^23 FLOP	8.7B	Open weights (unrestricted)
ERNIE-4.5-21B-A3B	Baidu	Jun 29, 2025	1.8 x 10^23 FLOP	21B	Open weights (unrestricted)
OLMo 2 Furious 7B	Allen Institute for AI, University of Washington, New York University (NYU)	Dec 31, 2024	1.8 x 10^23 FLOP	7B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Granite 3.1 2B	IBM	Dec 18, 2024	1.8 x 10^23 FLOP	2.5B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Granite 3.0 2B	IBM	Oct 21, 2024	1.8 x 10^23 FLOP	2.5B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Nemotron-3-8B	NVIDIA	Nov 15, 2023	1.8 x 10^23 FLOP	8B	Open weights (restricted use)
Yuan 2.0	Inspur	Nov 27, 2023	1.8 x 10^23 FLOP	102.6B	Open weights (restricted use)
Sailor-7B-Chat	Sea AI Lab, Singapore University of Technology & Design	Apr 4, 2024	1.8 x 10^23 FLOP	7.7B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Qwen2.5-Math-1.5B	Alibaba	Sep 19, 2024	1.8 x 10^23 FLOP	1.5B	Open weights (unrestricted)
InternVL	Shanghai AI Lab, Nanjing University, The University of Hong Kong, Tsinghua University, SenseTime, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC)	Jan 15, 2024	1.7 x 10^23 FLOP	14B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Llama 3.2 3B	Meta AI	Sep 24, 2024	1.7 x 10^23 FLOP	3.2B	Open weights (restricted use)
Konan LLM 41B	Konan Technology	Dec 15, 2023	1.7 x 10^23 FLOP	41B	Hosted access (no API)
ALLaM adapted13B	Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority	May 21, 2024	1.7 x 10^23 FLOP	13B	API access
Ring-mini-linear-2.0	Ant Group	Oct 23, 2025	1.7 x 10^23 FLOP	16.4B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Ovis-7B	Alibaba, Nanjing University	Jun 17, 2024	1.7 x 10^23 FLOP	7B	Open weights (unrestricted)
PaLI	Google	Sep 14, 2022	1.7 x 10^23 FLOP	16.9B	Unreleased
Ling-mini-base-2.0-20T	Ant Group	Sep 10, 2025	1.7 x 10^23 FLOP	16B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Qwen1.5-7B	Alibaba	Feb 4, 2024	1.7 x 10^23 FLOP	7B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Jiutian	China Mobile	Oct 12, 2023	1.7 x 10^23 FLOP	13.9B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Qwen2.5-1.5B	Alibaba	Sep 19, 2024	1.7 x 10^23 FLOP	1.5B	Open weights (unrestricted)
PLLaMa	University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB), University of Lincoln, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences	Jan 3, 2024	1.6 x 10^23 FLOP	13B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Llama Guard	Meta AI	Dec 7, 2023	1.6 x 10^23 FLOP	7B	Open weights (restricted use)
FinGPT-13B	University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Columbia University, New York University (NYU)	Oct 7, 2023	1.6 x 10^23 FLOP	13B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Llama 2-13B	Meta AI	Jul 18, 2023	1.6 x 10^23 FLOP	13B	Open weights (restricted use)
SparseOPT-175B	Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Neural Magic	Jan 2, 2023	1.6 x 10^23 FLOP	87.5B	Unreleased
StarCoder 2 7B	Hugging Face, ServiceNow, NVIDIA, BigCode	Feb 29, 2024	1.5 x 10^23 FLOP	7B	Open weights (restricted use)
Multi-Token Prediction 13B	Facebook AI Research	Apr 30, 2024	1.5 x 10^23 FLOP	13B	Unreleased
Ling-lite-1.5 ("Bailing")	Ant Group	Mar 10, 2025	1.5 x 10^23 FLOP	16.8B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Hunyuan Video	Tencent	Dec 3, 2024	1.5 x 10^23 FLOP	13B	Open weights (restricted use)
HyperCLOVA 82B	NAVER, Search Solutions	Sep 10, 2021	1.5 x 10^23 FLOP	82B	API access
Aria	Rhymes AI	Oct 8, 2024	1.4 x 10^23 FLOP	24.9B	Open weights (unrestricted)
360Zhinao-7B	360 Security Technology	May 22, 2024	1.4 x 10^23 FLOP	7B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Uni-Med	Tsinghua University, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications	Nov 1, 2024	1.4 x 10^23 FLOP	8.8B	Unreleased
Movie Gen Audio	Meta AI	Oct 4, 2024	1.4 x 10^23 FLOP	13B	Unreleased
Granite-4.0-H-Tiny	IBM	Oct 2, 2025	1.3 x 10^23 FLOP	7B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Qwen3-0.6B	Alibaba	Apr 29, 2025	1.3 x 10^23 FLOP	600M	Open weights (unrestricted)
Yi 6B	01.AI	Nov 2, 2023	1.3 x 10^23 FLOP	6B	Open weights (restricted use)
VARCO LLM 2.0 base	NCSOFT	Aug 16, 2023	1.2 x 10^23 FLOP	13B	API access
UL2	Google Research, Google Brain	May 10, 2022	1.2 x 10^23 FLOP	20B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Phi-4-Multimodal	Microsoft	Mar 3, 2025	1.2 x 10^23 FLOP	5.6B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Llemma 7B	Princeton University, EleutherAI, University of Toronto, Vector Institute, University of Cambridge, Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), University of Washington	Oct 16, 2023	1.2 x 10^23 FLOP	7B	Open weights (restricted use)
PLaMo-13B	Preferred Networks Inc	Sep 28, 2023	1.2 x 10^23 FLOP	13B	Open weights (unrestricted)
IDEFICS-80B	Hugging Face	Aug 22, 2023	1.2 x 10^23 FLOP	80B	Open weights (non-commercial)
WizardCoder-15.5B	Microsoft	Jun 14, 2023	1.1 x 10^23 FLOP	15.5B	Open weights (restricted use)
Meena	Google Brain	Jan 28, 2020	1.1 x 10^23 FLOP	2.6B	Unreleased
OPT-66B	Meta AI	Jun 21, 2022	1.1 x 10^23 FLOP	66B	Open weights (non-commercial)
Odyssey 102B	Anthrogen	Oct 18, 2025	1.1 x 10^23 FLOP	102B	Unreleased
OpenVLA	Stanford University, University of California (UC) Berkeley, Toyota Research Institute, Google DeepMind, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Physical Intelligence	Jun 13, 2024	1.1 x 10^23 FLOP	7.2B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Code Llama-7B	Meta AI	Aug 14, 2023	1.1 x 10^23 FLOP	7B	Open weights (restricted use)
Whisper v2	OpenAI	Dec 5, 2022	1.1 x 10^23 FLOP	1.6B	Open weights (unrestricted)
BlueLM 7B	vivo AI lab	Oct 31, 2023	1.1 x 10^23 FLOP	7B	Open weights (restricted use)
Baichuan 2-7B	Baichuan	Sep 20, 2023	1.1 x 10^23 FLOP	7B	Open weights (restricted use)
AlphaStar	DeepMind	Oct 30, 2019	1.1 x 10^23 FLOP	139M	Unreleased
ruGPT-3.5 13B	Sber	Apr 24, 2023	1.1 x 10^23 FLOP	13B	Open weights (unrestricted)
DCLM 7B	Apple	Jul 20, 2024	1.1 x 10^23 FLOP	7B	Open weights (restricted use)
Jais-30b (phase 1)	Cerebras Systems, Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence (MBZUAI), Inception G42, G42	Nov 8, 2023	10^23 FLOP	30B	Open weights (unrestricted)
OLMo-7B	Allen Institute for AI, University of Washington	Feb 1, 2024	10^23 FLOP	7B	Open weights (unrestricted)
DeepSeek-VL-7B	DeepSeek	Mar 8, 2024	10^23 FLOP	7B	Open weights (restricted use)
Kimi Linear	Moonshot	Oct 30, 2025	10^23 FLOP	48B	Open weights (unrestricted)
DeepSeekMath 7B	DeepSeek, Tsinghua University, Peking University	Feb 5, 2024	10^23 FLOP	7B	Open weights (restricted use)
Qwen-7B	Alibaba	Sep 28, 2023	10^23 FLOP	7B	Open weights (restricted use)
Evo 2 7B	Arc Institute, Stanford University, NVIDIA, Liquid, University of California (UC) Berkeley, Goodfire, Columbia University, University of California San Francisco	Feb 19, 2025	10^23 FLOP	7B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Luminous-extended	Aleph Alpha	Aug 15, 2022	10^23 FLOP	30B	API access
Phi-4 Mini	Microsoft	Mar 3, 2025	10 x 10^22 FLOP	3.8B	Open weights (unrestricted)
GigaChat Lite (GigaChat-20B-A3B)	Sber	Dec 13, 2024	9.9 x 10^22 FLOP	20B	Open weights (unrestricted)
MP4	310.ai	Jul 15, 2024	9.7 x 10^22 FLOP	—	Unreleased
Gemma 3 4B	Google DeepMind	Mar 12, 2025	9.6 x 10^22 FLOP	4B	Open weights (restricted use)
Palmyra Large 20B	Writer	Mar 1, 2023	9.6 x 10^22 FLOP	20B	Open weights (unrestricted)
EXAONE 3.5-R 2.4B	LG AI Research	Mar 14, 2025	9.5 x 10^22 FLOP	2.4B	Unreleased
EXAONE Deep 2.4B	LG AI Research	Mar 16, 2025	9.4 x 10^22 FLOP	2.4B	Open weights (non-commercial)
EXAONE 3.5 2.4B	LG AI Research	Dec 9, 2024	9.4 x 10^22 FLOP	2.4B	Open weights (non-commercial)
Baichuan 1-13B	Baichuan	Jul 11, 2023	9.4 x 10^22 FLOP	13.3B	Open weights (restricted use)
GPT-NeoX-20B	EleutherAI	Feb 9, 2022	9.3 x 10^22 FLOP	20B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Trillion-7B	Trillion Labs	Apr 21, 2025	9.3 x 10^22 FLOP	7B	Open weights (unrestricted)
ALLaM 7B	Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority	May 21, 2024	9 x 10^22 FLOP	7B	Open weights (unrestricted)
Zamba2-7B	Zyphra	May 26, 2024	8.8 x 10^22 FLOP	7B	Open weights (unrestricted)
phi-3.5-Vision	Microsoft	Apr 23, 2024	8.8 x 10^22 FLOP	4.2B	Open weights (unrestricted)
EXAONE 4.0 (1.2B)	LG AI Research	Jul 15, 2025	8.7 x 10^22 FLOP	1.2B	Open weights (non-commercial)
TeleChat-12B	China Telecom	Apr 1, 2024	8.6 x 10^22 FLOP	12B	Open weights (restricted use)
SambaLingo-Thai-Chat (7B)	SambaNova Systems, Inc	Apr 8, 2024	8.6 x 10^22 FLOP	7B	Open weights (unrestricted)
StarCoder	Hugging Face, ServiceNow, Northeastern University, Mila - Quebec AI (originally Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms), Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), Johns Hopkins University, Leipzig University, ScaDS.AI, Queen Mary University of London, Roblox, Sea AI Lab, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Monash University, CSIRO, Data61, McGill University, Saama, University of British Columbia (UBC), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Technical University of Munich, IBM, University of Vermont, UnfoldML, SAP, University of Notre Dame, Columbia University, New York University (NYU), University of Allahabad, Discover Dollar, Toloka, Telefonica, Stanford University, Weizmann Institute of Science, Alan Turing Institute, Wellesley College, EleutherAI, Forschungszentrum Julich	May 9, 2023	8.5 x 10^22 FLOP	15.5B	Open weights (restricted use)

SourceEpoch AI, 'AI Models'. Published online at epoch.ai. Retrieved 2026-07-29 from https://epoch.ai/data/ai-models. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.

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