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ProtBERT-BFD

Training compute
3.9×10²² FLOP
Parameters
420M
Published
May 4, 2021

ProtBERT-BFD is an AI model developed by Technical University of Munich, NVIDIA, Seoul National University, Google, Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Med AI Technology (Germany, United States, South Korea and China), first published in May 2021. It works in the biology domain, on tasks such as proteins and protein or nucleotide language model (plm/nlm).

Training it took an estimated 3.9×10²² FLOP of compute (estimation method: operation counting). The model has 420,000,000 parameters. It was trained on roughly 59B datapoints. Training ran on 1,024 Google TPU v3. The compute alone is estimated at $45K in 2023 dollars.

Access: Open weights (unrestricted). Its weights are openly available. Epoch AI rates the confidence of this record as confident.

Full record
Organization
Technical University of Munich, NVIDIA, Seoul National University, Google, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Med AI Technology
Country of organization
Germany, United States, South Korea, China
Domain
Biology
Task
Proteins, Protein or nucleotide language model (pLM/nLM)
Training compute
3.9×10²² FLOP
Compute estimation method
Operation counting
Parameters
420,000,000
Dataset size
59B
Training hardware
Google TPU v3
Chips used
1,024
Training power draw
933.1 kW
Training cost (2023 USD)
$45K
Numerical format
FP32
Model accessibility
Open weights (unrestricted)
Open weights
Yes
Epoch confidence
Confident
More from Technical University of Munich,NVIDIA,Seoul National University,Google,Oak Ridge National Laboratory,Med AI Technology
SourceEpoch AI, 'AI Models'. Published online at epoch.ai. Retrieved 2026-07-29 from https://epoch.ai/data/ai-models. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.
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