Gemini 1.0 Ultra vs PaLM (540B)

Gemini 1.0 Ultra (Google DeepMind) and PaLM (540B) (Google Research) are both frontier AI models. Gemini 1.0 Ultra was published in December 2023 and PaLM (540B) in April 2022.

Gemini 1.0 Ultra was trained on 5×10²⁵ FLOP, about 19.8x the compute of PaLM (540B) at 2.5×10²⁴ FLOP. Training compute is the closest available proxy for how much was invested in a model, though it says nothing on its own about how well that compute was spent.

These two models share no benchmark on which both have been scored, so no direct performance comparison is possible here. The specification table below is a comparison of inputs, not of results.