1950 के दशक से आज तक इस क्षेत्र को गढ़ने वाली प्रणालियों का प्रशिक्षण कंप्यूट, पैरामीटर, डेटासेट आकार, हार्डवेयर और उपलब्धता।
| Grok 4 | xAI | Jul 9, 2025 | 5×10²⁶ FLOP | 3T | API access |
| GPT-4.5 | OpenAI | Feb 27, 2025 | 3.8×10²⁶ FLOP | — | API access |
| Grok 3 | xAI | Feb 17, 2025 | 3.5×10²⁶ FLOP | 3T | API access |
| GPT-5 | OpenAI | Aug 7, 2025 | 6.6×10²⁵ FLOP | — | API access |
| Llama 4 Behemoth (preview) | Meta AI | Apr 5, 2025 | 5.2×10²⁵ FLOP | 2T | Unreleased |
| Gemini 1.0 Ultra | Google DeepMind | Dec 6, 2023 | 5×10²⁵ FLOP | — | API access |
| Llama Nemotron Ultra 253B | NVIDIA | Mar 18, 2025 | 3.9×10²⁵ FLOP | 253B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Composer 2.5 | Cursor | May 18, 2026 | 3.9×10²⁵ FLOP | 1T | — |
| Llama 3.1-405B | Meta AI | Jul 23, 2024 | 3.8×10²⁵ FLOP | 405B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Claude 3.7 Sonnet | Anthropic | Feb 24, 2025 | 3.4×10²⁵ FLOP | — | API access |
| Grok-2 | xAI | Aug 13, 2024 | 3×10²⁵ FLOP | — | API access |
| Claude 3.5 Sonnet | Anthropic | Jun 20, 2024 | 2.7×10²⁵ FLOP | — | API access |
| Doubao-pro | ByteDance | Oct 28, 2024 | 2.5×10²⁵ FLOP | 500B | API access |
| Composer 2 | Cursor | Mar 19, 2026 | 2.3×10²⁵ FLOP | 1T | API access |
| GPT-4 (Jun 2023) | OpenAI | Jun 13, 2023 | 2.1×10²⁵ FLOP | 1.8T | API access |
| GPT-4 (Mar 2023) | OpenAI | Mar 15, 2023 | 2.1×10²⁵ FLOP | 1.8T | API access |
| Kimi K3 | Moonshot | Jul 16, 2026 | 2×10²⁵ FLOP | 2.8T | Open weights (non-commercial) |
| Nemotron-4 340B | NVIDIA | Jun 14, 2024 | 1.8×10²⁵ FLOP | 340B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Qwen3-Max | Alibaba | Sep 5, 2025 | 1.5×10²⁵ FLOP | 1T | API access |
| Pangu Ultra | Huawei | Apr 10, 2025 | 1.1×10²⁵ FLOP | 135B | Hosted access (no API) |
| Aramco Metabrain AI | Saudi Aramco | Mar 4, 2024 | 10²⁵ FLOP | 250B | Unreleased |
| Inflection-2 | Inflection AI | Nov 22, 2023 | 10²⁵ FLOP | — | Hosted access (no API) |
| Emu3.5 | Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence / BAAI | Oct 30, 2025 | 9.9×10²⁴ FLOP | 34.1B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| DeepSeek-V4-Pro | DeepSeek | Apr 24, 2026 | 9.7×10²⁴ FLOP | 1.6T | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Qwen2.5-VL-72B | Alibaba | Feb 19, 2025 | 9.6×10²⁴ FLOP | 72B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Grok-1.5 | xAI | Mar 28, 2024 | 9.3×10²⁴ FLOP | — | Hosted access (no API) |
| Reka Core | Reka AI | Apr 15, 2024 | 8.4×10²⁴ FLOP | 67B | API access |
| SEA-LION V3 Llama3.1 70B | AI Singapore | Dec 19, 2024 | 8×10²⁴ FLOP | 70B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Inflection-2.5 | Inflection AI | Mar 7, 2024 | 8×10²⁴ FLOP | — | Hosted access (no API) |
| Llama 3.1-70B | Meta AI | Jul 23, 2024 | 7.9×10²⁴ FLOP | 70B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Llama-3.1-Nemotron-70B-Instruct | NVIDIA, Meta AI | Jun 12, 2024 | 7.9×10²⁴ FLOP | — | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Llama 3-70B | Meta AI | Apr 18, 2024 | 7.9×10²⁴ FLOP | 70B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Qwen2.5 Instruct (72B) | Alibaba | Sep 19, 2024 | 7.9×10²⁴ FLOP | 72.7B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Qwen2.5-72B | Alibaba | Sep 19, 2024 | 7.8×10²⁴ FLOP | 72.7B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| AMIE (Articulate Medical Intelligence Explorer) | Google DeepMind, Google Research | Apr 9, 2025 | 7.3×10²⁴ FLOP | 340B | Unreleased |
| PaLM 2 | May 10, 2023 | 7.3×10²⁴ FLOP | 340B | API access | |
| Qwen3-32B | Alibaba | Apr 29, 2025 | 7.1×10²⁴ FLOP | 32.8B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| MAI-Thinking-1 | Microsoft | Jun 2, 2026 | 7×10²⁴ FLOP | 962B | API access |
| Telechat2-115B | China Telecom | Sep 20, 2024 | 6.9×10²⁴ FLOP | 115B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Llama 3.3 70B | Meta AI | Dec 6, 2024 | 6.9×10²⁴ FLOP | 70B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| GLM-5 | Z.ai (Zhipu AI) | Feb 17, 2026 | 6.8×10²⁴ FLOP | 744B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| MiMo-V2.5-Pro | Xiaomi Corp | Apr 23, 2026 | 6.8×10²⁴ FLOP | 1T | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Apertus 70B | ETH Zurich, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss National Supercomputing Centre (CSCS), Swisscom | Sep 2, 2025 | 6.7×10²⁴ FLOP | 70B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Nemotron-H 56B | NVIDIA | Apr 14, 2025 | 6.7×10²⁴ FLOP | 56B | Open weights (non-commercial) |
| Nemotron 3 Ultra | NVIDIA | Jun 4, 2026 | 6.6×10²⁴ FLOP | 550B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Amazon Nova Pro | Amazon | Dec 3, 2024 | 6×10²⁴ FLOP | — | API access |
| Ling-1T | Ant Group | Oct 10, 2025 | 6×10²⁴ FLOP | 1T | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Kimi K2.5 | Moonshot | Feb 2, 2026 | 5.8×10²⁴ FLOP | 1T | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Hunyuan-TurboS | Tencent | Mar 11, 2025 | 5.4×10²⁴ FLOP | 560B | API access |
| gpt-oss-120b | OpenAI | Aug 5, 2025 | 4.9×10²⁴ FLOP | 116.8B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Amazon Titan | Amazon | Sep 28, 2023 | 4.8×10²⁴ FLOP | 200B | API access |
| Qwen3-235B-A22B (Jul 2025) | Alibaba | Jul 25, 2025 | 4.8×10²⁴ FLOP | 235B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Qwen3-235B-A22B-Thinking (Jul 2025) | Alibaba | Jul 25, 2025 | 4.8×10²⁴ FLOP | 235B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Qwen3-235B-A22B | Alibaba | Apr 29, 2025 | 4.8×10²⁴ FLOP | 235B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| GLM-4.7 | Z.ai (Zhipu AI) | Dec 22, 2025 | 4.4×10²⁴ FLOP | 358B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| GLM-4.6 | Z.ai (Zhipu AI), Tsinghua University | Sep 30, 2025 | 4.4×10²⁴ FLOP | 357B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| GLM-4.5 | Z.ai (Zhipu AI), Tsinghua University | Aug 5, 2025 | 4.4×10²⁴ FLOP | 355B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| MiniMax-M1-80k | MiniMax | Jun 13, 2025 | 4.3×10²⁴ FLOP | 456B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| MiMo-V2.5 | Xiaomi Corp | Apr 23, 2026 | 4.3×10²⁴ FLOP | 310B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| AFM-server | Apple | Jul 29, 2024 | 4.3×10²⁴ FLOP | — | Hosted access (no API) |
| DeepSeek-V3.2 | DeepSeek | Dec 1, 2025 | 4.2×10²⁴ FLOP | — | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Kimi K2 Thinking | Moonshot | Nov 6, 2025 | 4.2×10²⁴ FLOP | 1T | Open weights (restricted use) |
| MiniMax-M1-40k | MiniMax | Jun 13, 2025 | 4.2×10²⁴ FLOP | 456B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| DeepSeek-V3.2-Exp | DeepSeek | Sep 29, 2025 | 4.2×10²⁴ FLOP | 671B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Step-Video-T2V | StepFun | Feb 24, 2025 | 4.1×10²⁴ FLOP | 30B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Llama 4 Scout | Meta AI | Apr 5, 2025 | 4.1×10²⁴ FLOP | 109B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| DeepSeek-R1 (May 2025) | DeepSeek | May 28, 2025 | 4×10²⁴ FLOP | 671B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| MegaScale (Production) | ByteDance, Peking University | Feb 23, 2024 | 3.9×10²⁴ FLOP | 530B | Unreleased |
| SenseChat | SenseTime | Apr 10, 2023 | 3.9×10²⁴ FLOP | 180B | API access |
| Claude 2 | Anthropic | Jul 11, 2023 | 3.9×10²⁴ FLOP | — | API access |
| EXAONE 4.5 | LG AI Research | Apr 9, 2026 | 3.9×10²⁴ FLOP | 33.2B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Falcon-180B | Technology Innovation Institute | Sep 6, 2023 | 3.8×10²⁴ FLOP | 180B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| LongCat-Flash | Meituan Inc | Sep 1, 2025 | 3.7×10²⁴ FLOP | 560B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Falcon-H1 | Technology Innovation Institute | May 21, 2025 | 3.7×10²⁴ FLOP | 34B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Cosmos-Transfer1-7B | NVIDIA | Mar 18, 2025 | 3.6×10²⁴ FLOP | 7B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| DeepSeek-V3.1-Terminus | DeepSeek | Sep 22, 2025 | 3.6×10²⁴ FLOP | 671B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| DeepSeek-V3.1 | DeepSeek | Aug 21, 2025 | 3.6×10²⁴ FLOP | 671B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| QwQ-32B | Alibaba | Mar 6, 2025 | 3.5×10²⁴ FLOP | 32.5B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Qwen2.5-32B | Alibaba | Sep 17, 2024 | 3.5×10²⁴ FLOP | 32.5B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| DeepSeek-R1 | DeepSeek | Jan 20, 2025 | 3.5×10²⁴ FLOP | 671B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Hunyuan-Large | Tencent | Nov 6, 2024 | 3.5×10²⁴ FLOP | 389B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| DeepSeek-V3 (Mar 2025) | DeepSeek | Mar 24, 2025 | 3.3×10²⁴ FLOP | 671B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| DeepSeek-V3 | DeepSeek | Dec 24, 2024 | 3.3×10²⁴ FLOP | 671B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Qwen3-14B | Alibaba | Apr 29, 2025 | 3.2×10²⁴ FLOP | 14.8B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| MiniMax-Text-01 | MiniMax | Jan 14, 2025 | 3.1×10²⁴ FLOP | 456B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Pangu Ultra MoE | Huawei | May 7, 2025 | 3.1×10²⁴ FLOP | 718B | Hosted access (no API) |
| NVLM-X 72B | NVIDIA | Oct 22, 2024 | 3×10²⁴ FLOP | 72B | Unreleased |
| LLaVA-OV-72B | ByteDance, Nanyang Technological University, Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) | Aug 6, 2024 | 3×10²⁴ FLOP | 72B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| NVLM-D 72B | NVIDIA | Oct 22, 2024 | 3×10²⁴ FLOP | 72B | Open weights (non-commercial) |
| NVLM-H 72B | NVIDIA | Oct 22, 2024 | 3×10²⁴ FLOP | 72B | Unreleased |
| Qwen2-72B | Alibaba | Jun 7, 2024 | 3×10²⁴ FLOP | 72.7B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Kimi K2 | Moonshot | Jul 11, 2025 | 3×10²⁴ FLOP | 1T | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Grok-1 | xAI | Nov 4, 2023 | 2.9×10²⁴ FLOP | 314B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| GLM-Z1-Rumination-32B-0414 | Tsinghua University | Apr 14, 2025 | 2.9×10²⁴ FLOP | 32B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| GLM-4-32B-0414 | Z.ai (Zhipu AI), Tsinghua University | Apr 14, 2025 | 2.9×10²⁴ FLOP | 32B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| ERNIE-4.5-300B-A47B | Baidu | Jun 29, 2025 | 2.8×10²⁴ FLOP | 300B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Cosmos-Predict1-14b-Video2World | NVIDIA | Jan 7, 2025 | 2.8×10²⁴ FLOP | 14B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Cosmos-1.0- Diffusion-14B Video2World | NVIDIA | Jan 7, 2025 | 2.8×10²⁴ FLOP | 14B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Minerva (540B) | Jun 29, 2022 | 2.7×10²⁴ FLOP | 540.4B | Unreleased | |
| EXAONE 4.0 (32B) | LG AI Research | Jul 15, 2025 | 2.7×10²⁴ FLOP | 32B | Open weights (non-commercial) |
| DBRX | Databricks | Mar 27, 2024 | 2.6×10²⁴ FLOP | 132B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Seed-OSS-36B-Base | ByteDance | Aug 21, 2025 | 2.6×10²⁴ FLOP | — | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| GPT-3.5 (davinci-002) | OpenAI | Mar 15, 2022 | 2.6×10²⁴ FLOP | — | API access |
| Step-Omni | StepFun | Feb 18, 2025 | 2.5×10²⁴ FLOP | 130B | Unreleased |
| Flan-PaLM 540B | Oct 20, 2022 | 2.5×10²⁴ FLOP | 540B | Unreleased | |
| U-PaLM (540B) | Oct 20, 2022 | 2.5×10²⁴ FLOP | 540B | Unreleased | |
| PaLM (540B) | Google Research | Apr 4, 2022 | 2.5×10²⁴ FLOP | 540.4B | Unreleased |
| DeepSeek-V4-Flash | DeepSeek | Apr 24, 2026 | 2.5×10²⁴ FLOP | 284B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| MiMo-V2-Flash | Xiaomi Corp | Dec 16, 2025 | 2.4×10²⁴ FLOP | 309B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Gemma-SEA-LION-v4-27B-IT | AI Singapore | Aug 20, 2025 | 2.3×10²⁴ FLOP | 27B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Mixtral 8x22B | Mistral AI | Apr 17, 2024 | 2.3×10²⁴ FLOP | 141B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Gemma 3 27B | Google DeepMind | Mar 12, 2025 | 2.3×10²⁴ FLOP | 27B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Evo 2 40B | Arc Institute, Stanford University, NVIDIA, Liquid, University of California (UC) Berkeley, Goodfire, Columbia University, University of California San Francisco | Feb 19, 2025 | 2.3×10²⁴ FLOP | 40.3B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Llama 4 Maverick | Meta AI | Apr 5, 2025 | 2.2×10²⁴ FLOP | 400B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| MiniMax-VL-01 | MiniMax | Jan 14, 2025 | 2.1×10²⁴ FLOP | — | Open weights (restricted use) |
| TxGemma 27B | Google DeepMind, Google Research | Apr 8, 2025 | 2.1×10²⁴ FLOP | 27B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Gemma 2 27B | Google DeepMind | Jun 24, 2024 | 2.1×10²⁴ FLOP | 27B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| FLAN 137B | Google Research | Sep 3, 2021 | 2×10²⁴ FLOP | 137B | Unreleased |
| Step-Audio-Chat 130B | StepFun | Feb 18, 2025 | 1.9×10²⁴ FLOP | 130B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Inkling | Thinking Machines | Jul 15, 2026 | 1.8×10²⁴ FLOP | 975B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| GLM-4.5V | Z.ai (Zhipu AI), Tsinghua University | Aug 15, 2025 | 1.8×10²⁴ FLOP | 108B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Yi-Large | 01.AI | May 13, 2024 | 1.8×10²⁴ FLOP | 100B | API access |
| DeepSeek-V2.5 | DeepSeek | Sep 6, 2024 | 1.8×10²⁴ FLOP | 236B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Qwen3-8B | Alibaba | Apr 29, 2025 | 1.8×10²⁴ FLOP | 8.2B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| EXAONE 1.0 | LG | Dec 14, 2021 | 1.7×10²⁴ FLOP | 300B | Unreleased |
| GLM-4.5-Air | Z.ai (Zhipu AI), Tsinghua University | Aug 5, 2025 | 1.7×10²⁴ FLOP | 106B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Movie Gen Video | Meta AI | Oct 4, 2024 | 1.6×10²⁴ FLOP | 30B | Unreleased |
| Chameleon-34B | Facebook AI Research | May 16, 2024 | 1.6×10²⁴ FLOP | 34B | Open weights (non-commercial) |
| Qwen2.5-14B | Alibaba | Sep 19, 2024 | 1.6×10²⁴ FLOP | 14.7B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Qwen3-Coder-480B-A35B | Alibaba | Jul 22, 2025 | 1.6×10²⁴ FLOP | 480B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Ling-Plus ("Bailing") | Ant Group | Mar 10, 2025 | 1.6×10²⁴ FLOP | 290B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Wu Dao 2.0 | Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence / BAAI | May 31, 2021 | 1.5×10²⁴ FLOP | 1.8T | API access |
| NVIDIA-Nemotron-Nano-9B-v2 | NVIDIA | Aug 18, 2025 | 1.5×10²⁴ FLOP | 9B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| K-EXAONE | LG AI Research | Dec 31, 2025 | 1.5×10²⁴ FLOP | 236B | API access |
| NVIDIA-Nemotron-Nano-12B-v2 | NVIDIA | Aug 18, 2025 | 1.5×10²⁴ FLOP | 12B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Yi-Lightning | 01.AI | Oct 18, 2024 | 1.5×10²⁴ FLOP | — | API access |
| Solar Open 100B | Upstage | Dec 31, 2025 | 1.4×10²⁴ FLOP | 102B | API access |
| Cosmos-Predict1-7b-Video2World | NVIDIA | Jan 7, 2025 | 1.4×10²⁴ FLOP | 7B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Seed1.5-VL | ByteDance | May 11, 2025 | 1.4×10²⁴ FLOP | — | API access |
| Arcee Trinity Large | Prime Intellect, Arcee AI | Feb 19, 2026 | 1.3×10²⁴ FLOP | 398B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| OLMo 2 32B | Allen Institute for AI | Mar 13, 2025 | 1.3×10²⁴ FLOP | 32B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Qwen1.5-72B | Alibaba | Feb 4, 2024 | 1.3×10²⁴ FLOP | 72B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Qwen-72B | Alibaba | Nov 30, 2023 | 1.3×10²⁴ FLOP | 72B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Pangu Pro MoE | Huawei | May 28, 2025 | 1.3×10²⁴ FLOP | 72B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| DeepSeek-Coder-V2 236B | DeepSeek | Jun 17, 2024 | 1.3×10²⁴ FLOP | 236B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| EXAONE 3.5-R 32B | LG AI Research | Mar 14, 2025 | 1.3×10²⁴ FLOP | 32B | Unreleased |
| EXAONE Deep 32B | LG AI Research | Mar 16, 2025 | 1.3×10²⁴ FLOP | 32B | Open weights (non-commercial) |
| Code Llama-70B | Meta AI | Jan 29, 2024 | 1.3×10²⁴ FLOP | 70B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| EXAONE 3.5 32B | LG AI Research | Dec 9, 2024 | 1.3×10²⁴ FLOP | 32B | Open weights (non-commercial) |
| XVERSE-65B-2 | XVERSE Technology, Shenzhen Yuanxiang Technology | Dec 8, 2023 | 1.2×10²⁴ FLOP | 65B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| SEA-LION V3 Llama3.1 8B | AI Singapore | Dec 19, 2024 | 1.2×10²⁴ FLOP | 8B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Foundation-sec-8b | Cisco | Apr 28, 2025 | 1.2×10²⁴ FLOP | 8B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Llama 3.1-8B | Meta AI | Jul 23, 2024 | 1.2×10²⁴ FLOP | 8B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| dots.llm1 | Rednote | Jul 6, 2025 | 1.2×10²⁴ FLOP | 142B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Granite-4.0-H-Small | IBM | Oct 2, 2025 | 1.2×10²⁴ FLOP | 32B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| PLaMo-100B | Preferred Networks Inc | Jun 14, 2024 | 1.2×10²⁴ FLOP | 100B | API access |
| Mi:dm 200B | KT | Oct 31, 2023 | 1.2×10²⁴ FLOP | 200B | API access |
| Hunyuan | Tencent | Sep 7, 2023 | 1.2×10²⁴ FLOP | 100B | API access |
| Luca 2.0 | Mianbi Intelligence | Aug 29, 2023 | 1.2×10²⁴ FLOP | 100B | Hosted access (no API) |
| Mistral Small 3 | Mistral AI | Jan 30, 2025 | 1.2×10²⁴ FLOP | 24B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| MiMo-VL-7B-SFT | Xiaomi Corp | Jun 4, 2025 | 1.2×10²⁴ FLOP | 7B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Olmo 3 | Allen Institute for AI | Nov 20, 2025 | 1.1×10²⁴ FLOP | 32B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Qwen2.5-Coder (32B) | Alibaba | Nov 12, 2024 | 1.1×10²⁴ FLOP | 32.5B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| ESM3 (98B) | EvolutionaryScale, University of California (UC) Berkeley | Jun 25, 2024 | 1.1×10²⁴ FLOP | 98.5B | Unreleased |
| ALLaM adapted 70B | Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority | May 21, 2024 | 1.1×10²⁴ FLOP | 70B | Unreleased |
| ALLaM 34B | Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority | May 21, 2024 | 1.1×10²⁴ FLOP | 34B | Unreleased |
| Solar Open2 250B | Upstage | Jun 28, 2026 | 1.1×10²⁴ FLOP | 250.3B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| MiMo-7B-Base | Xiaomi Corp | Jun 5, 2025 | 1.1×10²⁴ FLOP | 7B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| BlueLM 175B | vivo AI lab | Nov 2, 2023 | 1.1×10²⁴ FLOP | 175B | Unreleased |
| ERNIE 3.0 Titan | Baidu, Peng Cheng Laboratory | Dec 23, 2021 | 10²⁴ FLOP | 260B | Hosted access (no API) |
| DeepSeek-V2 (MoE-236B) | DeepSeek | May 7, 2024 | 10²⁴ FLOP | 236B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| TigerBot-70B | Tigerobo | Sep 6, 2023 | 10²⁴ FLOP | 70B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Inflection-1 | Inflection AI | Jun 23, 2023 | 10²⁴ FLOP | — | Hosted access (no API) |
| InternLM | Shanghai AI Lab, SenseTime | Jul 6, 2023 | 10×10²³ FLOP | 104B | Unreleased |
| Qwen2.5-VL-7B | Alibaba | Feb 19, 2025 | 9.9×10²³ FLOP | 7B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| MegaScale (530B) | ByteDance, Peking University | Feb 23, 2024 | 9.7×10²³ FLOP | 530B | Unreleased |
| Jais-70B | G42, Inception G42 | Aug 5, 2024 | 9.7×10²³ FLOP | 70B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Phi-4-Reasoning | Microsoft | Apr 30, 2025 | 9.3×10²³ FLOP | 14B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Phi-4 | Microsoft Research | Dec 12, 2024 | 9.3×10²³ FLOP | 14B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| GLM-4.1V-Thinking | Z.ai (Zhipu AI), Tsinghua University | Aug 15, 2025 | 9.2×10²³ FLOP | 9B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Seaweed-7B | ByteDance | Apr 11, 2025 | 9×10²³ FLOP | 7B | Unreleased |
| Lapa LLM | Ukrainian Catholic University, Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, AGH University of Krakow, Lviv Polytechnic | Oct 25, 2025 | 8.6×10²³ FLOP | 12B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Qwen3-4B | Alibaba | Apr 29, 2025 | 8.6×10²³ FLOP | 4B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Gemma 3 12B | Google DeepMind | Mar 12, 2025 | 8.6×10²³ FLOP | 12B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Qwen2.5-Math-7B-Base | Alibaba | Sep 19, 2024 | 8.6×10²³ FLOP | 7B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Megatron-Turing NLG 530B | Microsoft, NVIDIA | Oct 11, 2021 | 8.6×10²³ FLOP | 530B | Unreleased |
| Baichuan2-53B | Baichuan | Aug 9, 2023 | 8.3×10²³ FLOP | 53B | Unreleased |
| Qwen2.5-7B | Alibaba | Sep 19, 2024 | 8.2×10²³ FLOP | 7.6B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| SambaLingo-Thai-Chat-70B | SambaNova Systems, Inc | Apr 8, 2024 | 8.1×10²³ FLOP | 70B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| GLM-4-9B-0414 | Tsinghua University | Apr 14, 2025 | 8.1×10²³ FLOP | 9B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Llama 2-70B | Meta AI | Jul 18, 2023 | 8.1×10²³ FLOP | 70B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| DeepSeek LLM 67B | DeepSeek | Jan 5, 2024 | 8×10²³ FLOP | 67B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| BlueLM 130B | vivo AI lab | Nov 2, 2023 | 7.8×10²³ FLOP | 130B | Unreleased |
| Mixtral 8x7B | Mistral AI | Dec 11, 2023 | 7.7×10²³ FLOP | 46.7B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Ring-flash-linear-2.0 | Ant Group | Oct 23, 2025 | 7.7×10²³ FLOP | 104.2B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Nemotron-4 15B | NVIDIA | Feb 27, 2024 | 7.5×10²³ FLOP | 15B | Unreleased |
| YandexGPT 5 Lite | Yandex | Feb 25, 2025 | 7.4×10²³ FLOP | 8B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Yi-1.5-34B | 01.AI | May 13, 2024 | 7.3×10²³ FLOP | 34B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Ling-flash-base-2.0-20T | Ant Group | Sep 10, 2025 | 7.3×10²³ FLOP | 100B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Llama SEA-LION V2 8B | AI Singapore | Jul 30, 2024 | 7.2×10²³ FLOP | 8B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| ProtChatGPT | University of Technology Sydney, Zhejiang University (ZJU) | Feb 15, 2024 | 7.2×10²³ FLOP | 8B | Unreleased |
| P-LLama3 | University of Siena | Aug 12, 2024 | 7.2×10²³ FLOP | 8B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Nemotron-H 8B | NVIDIA | Apr 14, 2025 | 7.2×10²³ FLOP | 8B | Open weights (non-commercial) |
| Llama 3-8B | Meta AI | Apr 18, 2024 | 7.2×10²³ FLOP | 8B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| AgentFounder-30B | Alibaba | Sep 16, 2025 | 6.5×10²³ FLOP | 30B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Qwen3-30B-A3B | Alibaba | Apr 29, 2025 | 6.5×10²³ FLOP | 30B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Gopher (280B) | DeepMind | Dec 8, 2021 | 6.3×10²³ FLOP | 280B | Unreleased |
| Reka Flash | Reka AI | Apr 15, 2024 | 6.3×10²³ FLOP | 21B | API access |
| Step-1 | StepFun | Feb 18, 2025 | 6.2×10²³ FLOP | 130B | Unreleased |
| xTrimoPGLM -100B | Tsinghua University, BioMap Research | Jul 6, 2023 | 6.2×10²³ FLOP | 100B | Unreleased |
| Marin 8B | Marin | May 19, 2025 | 6.1×10²³ FLOP | 8B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Yi-34B | 01.AI | Nov 2, 2023 | 6.1×10²³ FLOP | 34B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Qwen2-VL-72B | Alibaba | Sep 18, 2024 | 6×10²³ FLOP | 72B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Falcon3-7B | Technology Innovation Institute | Dec 17, 2024 | 5.9×10²³ FLOP | 7B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Granite 3.1 8B | IBM | Dec 18, 2024 | 5.8×10²³ FLOP | 8.1B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Granite 3.0 8B | IBM | Oct 21, 2024 | 5.8×10²³ FLOP | 8.1B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Llama 3.2 11B | Meta AI | Sep 24, 2024 | 5.8×10²³ FLOP | 10.6B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Chinchilla | DeepMind | Mar 29, 2022 | 5.8×10²³ FLOP | 70B | Unreleased |
| PaLI-X | Google Research | May 29, 2023 | 5.6×10²³ FLOP | 55B | Unreleased |
| BIG-G 137B | Jun 9, 2022 | 5.6×10²³ FLOP | 137B | Unreleased | |
| LIMA | Meta AI, Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), University of Southern California, Tel Aviv University | May 18, 2023 | 5.5×10²³ FLOP | 65B | Unreleased |
| Guanaco-65B | University of Washington | May 23, 2023 | 5.5×10²³ FLOP | 65B | Open weights (non-commercial) |
| LLaMA-65B | Meta AI | Feb 24, 2023 | 5.5×10²³ FLOP | 65.2B | Open weights (non-commercial) |
| gpt-oss-20b | OpenAI | Aug 5, 2025 | 5.5×10²³ FLOP | 20.9B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Llemma 34B | Princeton University, University of Toronto, Vector Institute, University of Cambridge, Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), University of Washington, EleutherAI | Oct 16, 2023 | 5.4×10²³ FLOP | 34B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Code Llama-34B | Meta AI | Aug 14, 2023 | 5.3×10²³ FLOP | 34B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Gemma 3n | May 20, 2025 | 5.2×10²³ FLOP | 7.8B | Open weights (restricted use) | |
| Parti | Google Research | Jun 22, 2022 | 5.1×10²³ FLOP | 20B | Unreleased |
| MM1-30B | Apple | Mar 14, 2024 | 4.9×10²³ FLOP | 30B | Unreleased |
| Nemotron 3-Nano-30B-A3B | NVIDIA | Dec 15, 2025 | 4.8×10²³ FLOP | 31.6B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| YaYi 2.0 | Yayi (Wenge) | Dec 22, 2023 | 4.8×10²³ FLOP | 30B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| PanGu-Σ | Huawei Noah's Ark Lab | Mar 20, 2023 | 4.7×10²³ FLOP | 1.1T | Unreleased |
| OLMo 2 Furious 13B | Allen Institute for AI, University of Washington, New York University (NYU) | Dec 31, 2024 | 4.6×10²³ FLOP | 13B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| AFM-on-device | Apple | Jul 29, 2024 | 4.5×10²³ FLOP | 2.7B | Hosted access (no API) |
| SEA-LION V3 Gemma2 9B | AI Singapore | Dec 19, 2024 | 4.5×10²³ FLOP | 9B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Pharia-1-LLM-7B | Aleph Alpha | Aug 26, 2024 | 4.4×10²³ FLOP | 7B | Open weights (non-commercial) |
| MamayLM | INSAIT, ETH Zurich | Apr 23, 2025 | 4.4×10²³ FLOP | 9B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| JIUTIAN-139MoE | China Mobile | Jun 15, 2024 | 4.4×10²³ FLOP | 38.8B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| TxGemma 9B | Google DeepMind, Google Research | Apr 8, 2025 | 4.4×10²³ FLOP | 9B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Gemma 2 9B | Google DeepMind | Jun 24, 2024 | 4.3×10²³ FLOP | 9B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| OPT-IML (175B) | Meta AI | Dec 22, 2022 | 4.3×10²³ FLOP | 175B | Open weights (non-commercial) |
| BlenderBot 3 | McGill University, Meta AI, Mila - Quebec AI (originally Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms) | Aug 10, 2022 | 4.3×10²³ FLOP | 175B | Open weights (non-commercial) |
| OPT-175B | Meta AI | May 2, 2022 | 4.3×10²³ FLOP | 175B | Open weights (non-commercial) |
| EXAONE 3.5-R 7.8B | LG AI Research | Mar 14, 2025 | 4.3×10²³ FLOP | 7.8B | Unreleased |
| 360Zhinao2-7B | 360 Security Technology | Nov 18, 2024 | 4.2×10²³ FLOP | 7B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| EXAONE Deep 7.8B | LG AI Research | Mar 16, 2025 | 4.2×10²³ FLOP | 7.8B | Open weights (non-commercial) |
| EXAONE 3.5 7.8B | LG AI Research | Dec 9, 2024 | 4.2×10²³ FLOP | 7.8B | Open weights (non-commercial) |
| Wan 2.2 14B T2V | Alibaba | Jul 28, 2025 | 4.2×10²³ FLOP | 14B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| BlueLM 70B | vivo AI lab | Nov 2, 2023 | 4.2×10²³ FLOP | 70B | Unreleased |
| Llama 2-34B | Meta AI | Jul 18, 2023 | 4.1×10²³ FLOP | 34B | Unreleased |
| Qwen2.5-VL-3B | Alibaba | Feb 19, 2025 | 4.1×10²³ FLOP | 3B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Nanbeige2-16B-Chat | Nanbeige LLM Lab | May 28, 2024 | 4×10²³ FLOP | 15.8B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| phi-3-medium 14B | Microsoft | Apr 23, 2024 | 4×10²³ FLOP | 14B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| EXAONE 3.0 | LG AI Research | Aug 7, 2024 | 4×10²³ FLOP | 7.8B | Open weights (non-commercial) |
| DeepSeek Coder 33B | DeepSeek, Peking University | Jan 25, 2024 | 4×10²³ FLOP | 33B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Falcon Mamba | Technology Innovation Institute | Aug 12, 2024 | 3.9×10²³ FLOP | 7B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| StarCoder 2 15B | Hugging Face, ServiceNow, NVIDIA, BigCode | Feb 29, 2024 | 3.9×10²³ FLOP | 15B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| FunSearch | Google DeepMind | Dec 14, 2023 | 3.9×10²³ FLOP | 15B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Multi-Token Prediction 7B | Facebook AI Research | Apr 30, 2024 | 3.8×10²³ FLOP | 6.7B | Open weights (non-commercial) |
| Arctic | Snowflake | Apr 24, 2024 | 3.8×10²³ FLOP | 480B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Qwen2-57B-A14B | Alibaba | Jun 7, 2024 | 3.8×10²³ FLOP | 57B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Jurassic-1-Jumbo | AI21 Labs | Aug 11, 2021 | 3.7×10²³ FLOP | 178B | API access |
| Qwen3-1.7B | Alibaba | Apr 29, 2025 | 3.7×10²³ FLOP | 1.7B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| BLOOM-176B | Hugging Face, BigScience | Jul 11, 2022 | 3.7×10²³ FLOP | 176.2B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| GLaM | Dec 13, 2021 | 3.6×10²³ FLOP | 1.2T | Unreleased | |
| Falcon 2 11B | Technology Innovation Institute | May 9, 2024 | 3.6×10²³ FLOP | 11B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| LaMDA | Feb 10, 2022 | 3.5×10²³ FLOP | 137B | Unreleased | |
| GLM-130B | Tsinghua University | Aug 4, 2022 | 3.5×10²³ FLOP | 130B | Open weights (non-commercial) |
| Luminous-supreme | Aleph Alpha | Aug 15, 2022 | 3.5×10²³ FLOP | 70B | API access |
| Yuan 1.0 | Inspur | Oct 12, 2021 | 3.5×10²³ FLOP | 245.7B | API access |
| OPT-13B | Meta AI | May 2, 2022 | 3.5×10²³ FLOP | 13B | — |
| DALL·E 2 | OpenAI | Apr 6, 2022 | 3.4×10²³ FLOP | 3.5B | API access |
| Qwen1.5-14B | Alibaba | Feb 4, 2024 | 3.4×10²³ FLOP | 14B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| FragLlama: Next-fragment prediction for molecular design | Facebook AI Research | May 16, 2024 | 3.3×10²³ FLOP | 7B | Open weights (non-commercial) |
| Qwen2.5-3B | Alibaba | Sep 19, 2024 | 3.3×10²³ FLOP | 3.1B | Open weights (non-commercial) |
| Galactica | Meta AI | Nov 16, 2022 | 3.2×10²³ FLOP | 120B | Open weights (non-commercial) |
| InstructGPT 175B | OpenAI | Jan 27, 2022 | 3.2×10²³ FLOP | 175B | API access |
| Granite-4.0-H-Micro | IBM | Oct 2, 2025 | 3.1×10²³ FLOP | 3B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| GPT-3 175B (davinci) | OpenAI | May 28, 2020 | 3.1×10²³ FLOP | 174.6B | API access |
| InternLM2-20B | Shanghai AI Lab, SenseTime, Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), Fudan University | Jan 12, 2024 | 3.1×10²³ FLOP | 20B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| CodeFuse-13B | Ant Group | Oct 10, 2023 | 3.1×10²³ FLOP | 13B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Gemma 1.1 7B Instruct | Feb 24, 2024 | 3.1×10²³ FLOP | 8.5B | Open weights (restricted use) | |
| Gemma 7B | Google DeepMind | Feb 21, 2024 | 3.1×10²³ FLOP | 8.5B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Phi-3.5-MoE | Microsoft | Apr 23, 2024 | 3×10²³ FLOP | 60.8B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Granite 20B | IBM Research | May 31, 2024 | 3×10²³ FLOP | 20B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Tri-21B | Trillion Labs | Aug 1, 2025 | 2.9×10²³ FLOP | 20.7B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Qwen2-7B | Alibaba | Jun 7, 2024 | 2.9×10²³ FLOP | 7B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Stable LM 2 12B | Stability AI | Apr 8, 2024 | 2.9×10²³ FLOP | 12.1B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| ST-MoE | Google, Google Brain, Google Research | Feb 17, 2022 | 2.9×10²³ FLOP | 269B | Unreleased |
| MegaScale (175B) | ByteDance, Peking University | Feb 23, 2024 | 2.7×10²³ FLOP | 175B | Unreleased |
| LLaMA-33B | Meta AI | Feb 27, 2023 | 2.7×10²³ FLOP | 32.5B | Open weights (non-commercial) |
| Qwen3-Next-80B-A3B | Alibaba | Sep 10, 2025 | 2.7×10²³ FLOP | 80B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Whisper v3 | OpenAI | Nov 6, 2023 | 2.7×10²³ FLOP | 1.6B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Viking | Silo AI, University of Turku | Apr 4, 2024 | 2.6×10²³ FLOP | 33B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| nekomata-14b | rinna | Dec 21, 2023 | 2.6×10²³ FLOP | 14.2B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Qwen2.5-Coder (7B) | Alibaba | Sep 18, 2024 | 2.5×10²³ FLOP | 7.6B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Wan 2.1 14B I2V | Alibaba | Feb 25, 2025 | 2.5×10²³ FLOP | 14B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Skywork-13B | Kunlun Inc. | Oct 30, 2023 | 2.5×10²³ FLOP | 13B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Qwen-14B | Alibaba | Sep 28, 2023 | 2.5×10²³ FLOP | 14B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Granite 13B | IBM | Nov 30, 2023 | 2.4×10²³ FLOP | 13B | API access |
| Nanbeige-16B | Nanbeige LLM Lab | Nov 1, 2023 | 2.4×10²³ FLOP | 16B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| LightOn Mini | LightOn | Mar 21, 2023 | 2.4×10²³ FLOP | 40B | Hosted access (no API) |
| Falcon-40B | Technology Innovation Institute | Mar 15, 2023 | 2.4×10²³ FLOP | 40B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| AlphaCode | DeepMind | Feb 2, 2022 | 2.4×10²³ FLOP | 41.1B | Unreleased |
| BloombergGPT | Bloomberg, Johns Hopkins University | Mar 30, 2023 | 2.4×10²³ FLOP | 50.6B | Unreleased |
| YaLM | Yandex | Jun 23, 2022 | 2.2×10²³ FLOP | 100B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Flamingo | DeepMind | Apr 29, 2022 | 2.2×10²³ FLOP | 80B | Unreleased |
| Teuken 7B | OpenGPT-X, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing, Forschungszentrum Julich, Technische Universität Dresden | Aug 21, 2025 | 2.1×10²³ FLOP | 7B | Open weights (non-commercial) |
| phi-3-small 7.4B | Microsoft | Apr 23, 2024 | 2.1×10²³ FLOP | 7.4B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Poro 34B | High-Performance Language Technologies (HPLT), University of Turku | Dec 14, 2023 | 2.1×10²³ FLOP | 34.2B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| AlexaTM 20B | Amazon | Aug 2, 2022 | 2×10²³ FLOP | 19.8B | API access |
| Baichuan2-13B | Baichuan | Sep 6, 2023 | 2×10²³ FLOP | 13B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| HyperCLOVA 204B | NAVER | Sep 10, 2021 | 2×10²³ FLOP | 204B | Hosted access (no API) |
| SAM 3 | Meta AI | Nov 20, 2025 | 2×10²³ FLOP | 850M | Open weights (restricted use) |
| ViT-22B | Feb 10, 2023 | 1.9×10²³ FLOP | 21.7B | Unreleased | |
| Yi-1.5-9B | 01.AI | May 13, 2024 | 1.9×10²³ FLOP | 8.8B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| MPT-30B | MosaicML | Jun 22, 2023 | 1.9×10²³ FLOP | 30B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| MAP-Neo | University of Waterloo, 01.AI, Wuhan University | Jul 10, 2024 | 1.9×10²³ FLOP | 7B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Reka Edge | Reka AI | Apr 18, 2024 | 1.9×10²³ FLOP | 7B | API access |
| Mamba2-Hybrid | NVIDIA | Jun 12, 2024 | 1.8×10²³ FLOP | 8.7B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| ERNIE-4.5-21B-A3B | Baidu | Jun 29, 2025 | 1.8×10²³ FLOP | 21B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| OLMo 2 Furious 7B | Allen Institute for AI, University of Washington, New York University (NYU) | Dec 31, 2024 | 1.8×10²³ FLOP | 7B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Granite 3.1 2B | IBM | Dec 18, 2024 | 1.8×10²³ FLOP | 2.5B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Granite 3.0 2B | IBM | Oct 21, 2024 | 1.8×10²³ FLOP | 2.5B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Nemotron-3-8B | NVIDIA | Nov 15, 2023 | 1.8×10²³ FLOP | 8B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Yuan 2.0 | Inspur | Nov 27, 2023 | 1.8×10²³ FLOP | 102.6B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Sailor-7B-Chat | Sea AI Lab, Singapore University of Technology & Design | Apr 4, 2024 | 1.8×10²³ FLOP | 7.7B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Qwen2.5-Math-1.5B | Alibaba | Sep 19, 2024 | 1.8×10²³ FLOP | 1.5B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| InternVL | Shanghai AI Lab, Nanjing University, The University of Hong Kong, Tsinghua University, SenseTime, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) | Jan 15, 2024 | 1.7×10²³ FLOP | 14B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Llama 3.2 3B | Meta AI | Sep 24, 2024 | 1.7×10²³ FLOP | 3.2B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Konan LLM 41B | Konan Technology | Dec 15, 2023 | 1.7×10²³ FLOP | 41B | Hosted access (no API) |
| ALLaM adapted13B | Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority | May 21, 2024 | 1.7×10²³ FLOP | 13B | API access |
| Ring-mini-linear-2.0 | Ant Group | Oct 23, 2025 | 1.7×10²³ FLOP | 16.4B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Ovis-7B | Alibaba, Nanjing University | Jun 17, 2024 | 1.7×10²³ FLOP | 7B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| PaLI | Sep 14, 2022 | 1.7×10²³ FLOP | 16.9B | Unreleased | |
| Ling-mini-base-2.0-20T | Ant Group | Sep 10, 2025 | 1.7×10²³ FLOP | 16B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Qwen1.5-7B | Alibaba | Feb 4, 2024 | 1.7×10²³ FLOP | 7B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Jiutian | China Mobile | Oct 12, 2023 | 1.7×10²³ FLOP | 13.9B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Qwen2.5-1.5B | Alibaba | Sep 19, 2024 | 1.7×10²³ FLOP | 1.5B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| PLLaMa | University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB), University of Lincoln, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences | Jan 3, 2024 | 1.6×10²³ FLOP | 13B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Llama Guard | Meta AI | Dec 7, 2023 | 1.6×10²³ FLOP | 7B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| FinGPT-13B | University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Columbia University, New York University (NYU) | Oct 7, 2023 | 1.6×10²³ FLOP | 13B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Llama 2-13B | Meta AI | Jul 18, 2023 | 1.6×10²³ FLOP | 13B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| SparseOPT-175B | Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Neural Magic | Jan 2, 2023 | 1.6×10²³ FLOP | 87.5B | Unreleased |
| StarCoder 2 7B | Hugging Face, ServiceNow, NVIDIA, BigCode | Feb 29, 2024 | 1.5×10²³ FLOP | 7B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Multi-Token Prediction 13B | Facebook AI Research | Apr 30, 2024 | 1.5×10²³ FLOP | 13B | Unreleased |
| Ling-lite-1.5 ("Bailing") | Ant Group | Mar 10, 2025 | 1.5×10²³ FLOP | 16.8B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Hunyuan Video | Tencent | Dec 3, 2024 | 1.5×10²³ FLOP | 13B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| HyperCLOVA 82B | NAVER, Search Solutions | Sep 10, 2021 | 1.5×10²³ FLOP | 82B | API access |
| Aria | Rhymes AI | Oct 8, 2024 | 1.4×10²³ FLOP | 24.9B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| 360Zhinao-7B | 360 Security Technology | May 22, 2024 | 1.4×10²³ FLOP | 7B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Uni-Med | Tsinghua University, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications | Nov 1, 2024 | 1.4×10²³ FLOP | 8.8B | Unreleased |
| Movie Gen Audio | Meta AI | Oct 4, 2024 | 1.4×10²³ FLOP | 13B | Unreleased |
| Granite-4.0-H-Tiny | IBM | Oct 2, 2025 | 1.3×10²³ FLOP | 7B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Qwen3-0.6B | Alibaba | Apr 29, 2025 | 1.3×10²³ FLOP | 600M | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Yi 6B | 01.AI | Nov 2, 2023 | 1.3×10²³ FLOP | 6B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| VARCO LLM 2.0 base | NCSOFT | Aug 16, 2023 | 1.2×10²³ FLOP | 13B | API access |
| UL2 | Google Research, Google Brain | May 10, 2022 | 1.2×10²³ FLOP | 20B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Phi-4-Multimodal | Microsoft | Mar 3, 2025 | 1.2×10²³ FLOP | 5.6B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Llemma 7B | Princeton University, EleutherAI, University of Toronto, Vector Institute, University of Cambridge, Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), University of Washington | Oct 16, 2023 | 1.2×10²³ FLOP | 7B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| PLaMo-13B | Preferred Networks Inc | Sep 28, 2023 | 1.2×10²³ FLOP | 13B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| IDEFICS-80B | Hugging Face | Aug 22, 2023 | 1.2×10²³ FLOP | 80B | Open weights (non-commercial) |
| WizardCoder-15.5B | Microsoft | Jun 14, 2023 | 1.1×10²³ FLOP | 15.5B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Meena | Google Brain | Jan 28, 2020 | 1.1×10²³ FLOP | 2.6B | Unreleased |
| OPT-66B | Meta AI | Jun 21, 2022 | 1.1×10²³ FLOP | 66B | Open weights (non-commercial) |
| Odyssey 102B | Anthrogen | Oct 18, 2025 | 1.1×10²³ FLOP | 102B | Unreleased |
| OpenVLA | Stanford University, University of California (UC) Berkeley, Toyota Research Institute, Google DeepMind, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Physical Intelligence | Jun 13, 2024 | 1.1×10²³ FLOP | 7.2B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Code Llama-7B | Meta AI | Aug 14, 2023 | 1.1×10²³ FLOP | 7B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Whisper v2 | OpenAI | Dec 5, 2022 | 1.1×10²³ FLOP | 1.6B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| BlueLM 7B | vivo AI lab | Oct 31, 2023 | 1.1×10²³ FLOP | 7B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Baichuan 2-7B | Baichuan | Sep 20, 2023 | 1.1×10²³ FLOP | 7B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| AlphaStar | DeepMind | Oct 30, 2019 | 1.1×10²³ FLOP | 139M | Unreleased |
| ruGPT-3.5 13B | Sber | Apr 24, 2023 | 1.1×10²³ FLOP | 13B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| DCLM 7B | Apple | Jul 20, 2024 | 1.1×10²³ FLOP | 7B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Jais-30b (phase 1) | Cerebras Systems, Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence (MBZUAI), Inception G42, G42 | Nov 8, 2023 | 10²³ FLOP | 30B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| OLMo-7B | Allen Institute for AI, University of Washington | Feb 1, 2024 | 10²³ FLOP | 7B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| DeepSeek-VL-7B | DeepSeek | Mar 8, 2024 | 10²³ FLOP | 7B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Kimi Linear | Moonshot | Oct 30, 2025 | 10²³ FLOP | 48B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| DeepSeekMath 7B | DeepSeek, Tsinghua University, Peking University | Feb 5, 2024 | 10²³ FLOP | 7B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Qwen-7B | Alibaba | Sep 28, 2023 | 10²³ FLOP | 7B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Evo 2 7B | Arc Institute, Stanford University, NVIDIA, Liquid, University of California (UC) Berkeley, Goodfire, Columbia University, University of California San Francisco | Feb 19, 2025 | 10²³ FLOP | 7B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Luminous-extended | Aleph Alpha | Aug 15, 2022 | 10²³ FLOP | 30B | API access |
| Phi-4 Mini | Microsoft | Mar 3, 2025 | 10×10²² FLOP | 3.8B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| GigaChat Lite (GigaChat-20B-A3B) | Sber | Dec 13, 2024 | 9.9×10²² FLOP | 20B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| MP4 | 310.ai | Jul 15, 2024 | 9.7×10²² FLOP | — | Unreleased |
| Gemma 3 4B | Google DeepMind | Mar 12, 2025 | 9.6×10²² FLOP | 4B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| Palmyra Large 20B | Writer | Mar 1, 2023 | 9.6×10²² FLOP | 20B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| EXAONE 3.5-R 2.4B | LG AI Research | Mar 14, 2025 | 9.5×10²² FLOP | 2.4B | Unreleased |
| EXAONE Deep 2.4B | LG AI Research | Mar 16, 2025 | 9.4×10²² FLOP | 2.4B | Open weights (non-commercial) |
| EXAONE 3.5 2.4B | LG AI Research | Dec 9, 2024 | 9.4×10²² FLOP | 2.4B | Open weights (non-commercial) |
| Baichuan 1-13B | Baichuan | Jul 11, 2023 | 9.4×10²² FLOP | 13.3B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| GPT-NeoX-20B | EleutherAI | Feb 9, 2022 | 9.3×10²² FLOP | 20B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Trillion-7B | Trillion Labs | Apr 21, 2025 | 9.3×10²² FLOP | 7B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| ALLaM 7B | Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority | May 21, 2024 | 9×10²² FLOP | 7B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| Zamba2-7B | Zyphra | May 26, 2024 | 8.8×10²² FLOP | 7B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| phi-3.5-Vision | Microsoft | Apr 23, 2024 | 8.8×10²² FLOP | 4.2B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| EXAONE 4.0 (1.2B) | LG AI Research | Jul 15, 2025 | 8.7×10²² FLOP | 1.2B | Open weights (non-commercial) |
| TeleChat-12B | China Telecom | Apr 1, 2024 | 8.6×10²² FLOP | 12B | Open weights (restricted use) |
| SambaLingo-Thai-Chat (7B) | SambaNova Systems, Inc | Apr 8, 2024 | 8.6×10²² FLOP | 7B | Open weights (unrestricted) |
| StarCoder | Hugging Face, ServiceNow, Northeastern University, Mila - Quebec AI (originally Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms), Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), Johns Hopkins University, Leipzig University, ScaDS.AI, Queen Mary University of London, Roblox, Sea AI Lab, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Monash University, CSIRO, Data61, McGill University, Saama, University of British Columbia (UBC), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Technical University of Munich, IBM, University of Vermont, UnfoldML, SAP, University of Notre Dame, Columbia University, New York University (NYU), University of Allahabad, Discover Dollar, Toloka, Telefonica, Stanford University, Weizmann Institute of Science, Alan Turing Institute, Wellesley College, EleutherAI, Forschungszentrum Julich | May 9, 2023 | 8.5×10²² FLOP | 15.5B | Open weights (restricted use) |
