GPT-4.5 vs PaLM 2

GPT-4.5 (OpenAI) and PaLM 2 (Google) are both frontier AI models. GPT-4.5 was published in February 2025 and PaLM 2 in May 2023.

GPT-4.5 was trained on 3.8 x 10^26 FLOP, about 51.8x the compute of PaLM 2 at 7.3 x 10^24 FLOP. Training compute is the closest available proxy for how much was invested in a model, though it says nothing on its own about how well that compute was spent.

These two models share no benchmark on which both have been scored, so no direct performance comparison is possible here. The specification table below is a comparison of inputs, not of results.